Transcript City

URBAN GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 9
When and Why Did People
Start Living in Cities?
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as
a center of politics, culture, and economics
Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city
(central city and suburbs)
Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen
very quickly in the modern world
Urban Population
Origins of Urbanization
Agricultural villages
◦ Began about 10,000 years ago
– Relatively small, egalitarian villages, where most of the population was
involved in agriculture
The first urban revolution: Enabling components
1.
2.
An agricultural surplus
Social stratification (leadership class)
Hearths of Urbanization
Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE
Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE
Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE
Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE
Indus River Valley
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
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Intricately planned
Houses equal in size
No palaces
No monuments
Huang He and Wei River Valleys
Purposefully planned cities
Centered on a north-south axis
Inner wall built around center
Temples and palaces for the
leadership class
Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of
the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang
Mesoamerica
Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have
divine authority and were god-kings
Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek cities (by 500 BCE)
◦ Greeks highly urbanized
– Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands
– Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in each city
Roman cities
– A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and
sea routes
– Sites of Roman cities typically for trade
– Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space
– Extreme wealth and extreme poverty
Roman Empire
Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
Europe
◦ Middle Ages (500–1300)
◦ Little urban growth, even decline
Asia
◦ Centers along the Silk Road
◦ Urban growth in Korea, Japan
West Africa
The Americas
Cities in the Age of Exploration
Early Eurasian centers
◦ Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan
◦ Most cities sited in continental interiors
Maritime exploration
◦ Change in situation to favor coastal locations
◦ the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an area's
situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with
another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on
the site.
◦ Continued importance under colonialism
◦ Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe
◦ European model for cities in colonies
The Second Urban Revolution
A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing, made
possible by
1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and
created a larger surplus
- coincided with indust. rev.
- food surpluses fed factory workers
- New methods and technologies (crop rotation, steel plow)
2.Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial
resources
Favored places
– Had undergone the second agricultural revolution
– Possessed industrial resources
– Possessed capital from mercantilism and colonialism
Industrialization in Europe
Where Are Cities Located, and
Why?
Site
Situation
•Absolute location
•Relative location
•Static location, often chosen for trade,
defense, or religion
•A city’s place in the region and the
world around it
•Site factors include things like landforms
(i.e. is the area protected by mountains
or is there a natural harbor present?)
•Trade area: An adjacent region within
which a city’s influence is dominant
•climate, vegetation types, availability of
water,
•soil quality,
•minerals, and even wildlife.
•Historically, these factors led to the
development of major cities
worldwide. NYC
•situation can also cause problems.
•example Canada's Eastern Provinces of
New Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island are some of that
country's most economically
downtrodden areas due in large part to
their situations. These areas are
isolated from the rest of Canada
making manufacturing and the little
agriculture possible too expensive.
Rank-Size Rule
Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy
The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its rank in the
hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the
rest of the cities (not always the largest)
Primate City
Central Place Theory
◦ Developed by Walter Christaller
Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets,
villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
Assumes that
– Surface is flat with no physical barriers
– Soil fertility is the same everywhere
– Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
– Region has uniform transportation network
– From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all
directions out to a certain distance
-each central place has a surrounding complementary region, an
exclusive trade area
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY CONTINUED.
Practical insights from the model
- there is a hierarchy of urban places that are
spatially balanced
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Established larger cities will be spaced further
from each other than smaller towns and villages
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Studies have confirmed that the distribution of cities,
towns, and villages in a region is no accident…. Rather it
is tied to trade areas, population size, and distance
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Cities are not simply random collections of buildings and
people
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They have a functional structure: spatially organized
to perform their functions – commerce, production,
education, and more
Trade Areas
How Are Cities Organized, and
How Do They Function?
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for
certain functions (purposes)
Zones = areas with uniform land use patterns
◦ Zoning laws designate the types of development that can exist in a particular
zone
Zones of the City
Zones
◦ Central business district (CBD)
◦ Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
◦ Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)
◦ Suburbanization: process by which land that wasn’t part of the city becomes
urbanized when people and business from the city move into these spaces
◦ Transformation of rural land to urban
◦ Aesthetic of the suburbs reveals the occupants’ idealized living patterns
◦ Much of “suburbia” is no longer an appendage to the central city – self
sufficient hub of economic and cultural activities
◦ Suburbs have become the essence of the modern American city
◦ Urban regions or zones that lie near or adjacent to one another make up a
metropolis
Zones of the City
Modeling the North American city
◦ Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
◦ Based on Chicago in 1920s
◦ CBD, zone of transition, zone of indep. workers homes, zone of better homes, commuter zone
◦ Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
◦ 1930s model focused on residential patterns, where the wealthy in a city chose to live
◦ Argued that as city expands so to do the pie shaped sectors extending outward from the CBD
◦ Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)1940s
◦ Felt nether sector nor concentric ring adequately described cities. CBD losing its dominant
position
◦ Most urban geographers feel these models are too simplistic
◦ Automobiles, construction of ring roads has contributed to the explosion of suburbanization
◦ As outer regions grew rapidly many became edge cities with their own workplaces, shopping, leisure activates…. Self
sufficient urban environment
◦ Urban realm: describes contemporary special components of the modern metropolis, where each realm is a separate
economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitan framework.
◦ Urban Models
Classical Models of Urban Structure
Urban Models Burgess & Hoyt
Edge Cities
Suburban downtowns, often located
near key freeway intersections,
including
Office complexes
Shopping centers
•Hotels
•Restaurants
•Entertainment facilities
Sports complexes
Urban Realms Model
Each realm a separate economic,
social, and political entity that is
linked together to form a larger
metropolitan framework
Cities of the Periphery and SemiPeriphery: Latin America
Griffin-Ford model
Blend of Latin American traditions with
globalization
Combines radial sectors and concentric zones
◦ CBD divided between traditional market sector and
modern high-rises
◦ Adequate public transp. and nearby affluent
residences assure the dominance of the CBD
◦ The “mall” area reflects the emergence of suburban
nodes
Disamenity sectors
◦ Not connected to city services
◦ May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
◦ Little law enforcement presence
Industrial park: where industrial activity is found
in the city
Gentrification area – historic buildings preserved (gent.
is less common in L. Amer. cities but is an emerging
phenomena)
Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: SubSaharan Africa
De Blij model
Outside of tropical Africa 57% of
population lives in urban areas
Tropical Africa = 40% urban
◦ Has the worlds fastest growing cites
Low levels of urbanization but rapid
growth rates
European colonial imprint
◦ Typically have 3 CBDs
◦ Many African cities are ringed by satellite
townships that are squatter settlements
b/c of the diverse nature of African cities it
is difficult to formulate a model
Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery:
Southeast Asia
McGee model
Colonial port and surrounding commercial
zone as focal point
◦ Found that the elements of the CBD are
typically separate clusters near the old
colonial port
◦ One of the main differences between the
McGee model and Griffin Ford model is the
presence of middle income housing
◦ Reflects a larger middle class in these cities
of the semi-periphery when compared to the
small middle class in Latin Amer. cities
How
Do
People
Make
Cities?
Role of powerful social and cultural forces
Periphery and semi-periphery
◦ Sharp contrast between rich and poor
◦ Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws
◦ - if these cities weren’t labeled could you tell which one is from the wealthy
country and which is in a poor country? How do you know?
◦ Telephone and elect. wires, building materials, aesthetics, transportation, spacing
Luanda, Angola
Tokyo, Japan
Making Cities in the Global Periphery
Many of the most populous cities are located in the least prosperous
countries
◦ Pull factors play a major role often more imaginary than
real
◦ Housing can’t keep up with the massive inflow
-shantytowns= unplanned developments of crude dwellings
-Many cities in the periphery and semi-periphery have no zoning laws
(drawn up to ensure use of space in way that the society deems
culturally and environmentally acceptable)
-w/o zoning laws cities in the periphery will have mixed land use
throughout the city
Making Cities in the Global Core
Not all cities in the core have zoning laws
◦ Few European countries do, they tend to the have looser land-use plans
Segregation had an influence on zoning laws in the US
◦ Realtors, finical lenders, and city governments defined and segregated space in urban enjoinments
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
◦ Identify “risky” neighborhoods (Black residential areas) and refuse to offer loans to those in
◦ Now an illegal practice
◦ Led to a downward spiral in the quality of the neighborhoods b/c funds weren’t available for upkeep
 Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then
soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices (the neighborhood is going downhill), to
generate “white flight”
 Led to a significant turnover in housing that benefited real estate agents
 Prompted landowners to sell their prosperities at low prices, developers subdivided properties and
built tenements lowering the property values further
Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the
housing value in the neighborhood
Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract
residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them
down to build much larger homes
McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot
Urban Sprawl
- Unrestricted growth of housing,
commercial developments, and
roads over large expanses of land,
with little concern for urban
planning
New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable
neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns
◦ Privatization of public spaces
◦ Failure to address conditions that create social ills of cities
◦ Countering urban sprawl
◦ New Urbanism
Gated Communities
Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access) for people and vehicles
Private security
Rapid diffusion to Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America
Security for wealthy in poor countries
Use for low-income communities in core countries
Ethnic Neighborhoods
European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants
Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery
What Role
Do Cities Play in Globalization?
Function of world cities beyond state boundaries
World cities as nodes in globalization
Primate cities with concentration of development, interconnectedness
Primate cities in former colonies