Transcript Population . 13–17%

Note to self
first day of review
• location,
• place,
• scale,
week or day before the test tying it all
together with the following
• pattern,
• regionalization,
• and globalization.
AP Human Course Outline
I Geography: Its Nature and Perspective
II Population
III Culture Patterns and Processes
IV Political Organization of Space
V Agricultural and Rural Land Use
VI Industrialization and Economic Development
VII Cities and Urban Land Use
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I Geography: Its Nature and Perspective
• The course introduces students to the
importance of spatial organization—
the location of places, people, and
events, and the connections among
places and landscapes—in the
understanding of human life on Earth.
• Students learn how to use
and interpret maps.
Reading Maps
• First look at Title, which
describes the purpose of the
map
• Next look at the legend. This is
where the content is explained.
• Orient yourself by identifying principal features (major
roads, cities, etc)
Types of Distortion
The Winkel tripel projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation (National Geographic
The Mercator projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation. (The
distortion increases without limit at higher latitudes)
Lambert's normal cylindrical equal-area projection with Tissot's
Indicatrix of deformation
Isoline: a line that connects places of equal
data value
(air pollution or religion)
Isoline maps: show changes in the
variable being mapped across a surface
by lines that connect points of equal
value
Cartogram: space is distorted to
emphasize a particular attribute
Dot maps:
use a dot to
represent the
occurrence of
some variable
in order to
depict
variation in
density in a
given area
Cloropleth Map: ranked classes of some
variable are depicted with colors for
predefined zones (counties, states, countries)
Percent over 25 with a Bachelor’s Degree
Percent over 25 with a Bachelor’s Degree
• They also learn to apply
mathematical formulas,
models, and qualitative data to
geographical concepts.
• Natural increase
• Dependency ratio
• Net migration
• Von thunen and Weber graphs
small scale maps: the place being mapped
looks small on the map (i.e. a world map)
but has a large denominator (making it a
small number)
Large scale maps: local area
(the place being mapped looks fairly large
compared to what is shown on a world map
for example a stadium)
Just as ½ is larger than 1/10,
1:10,000 is larger than 1:10,000,000
• Geographic concepts
emphasized throughout the
course are:
• location,
• place,
• scale,
• pattern, (Created from a
process)
• regionalization,
• and globalization
These concepts are basic to
students’ understanding of
• spatial interaction and spatial
behavior,
• the dynamics of human population
growth and movement,
• patterns of culture,
• economic activities,
• political organization of space,
• and human settlement patterns,
particularly urbanization.
Space or location is the where
Place: meaningful
human associations
with a location.
Human nature has a need to identify
with a place and to differentiate
ourselves through that place. Place
suggests qualities of distinctiveness
and identity with a location.
sense of place: feelings evoked among people
as a result of the experiences and memories
that they associate with a place
New Orleans
Flam, Norway
Places exert a strong influence
on people’s physical wellbeing,
and their opportunities.
Living in a small town dominated by petrochemical
industries, for example, means a higher probability than
elsewhere of being exposed to air and water pollution.
Do the following section just before
the test
• Geographic concepts emphasized
throughout the course are:
• pattern, (Created from a
process)
• regionalization,
• and globalization.
•
•
•
•
•
the dynamics of human population growth and movement,
Countries move through stages with modernization
Decline birthrate follows death rate
Declining birthrate follows improved women rights
Aging population follows
Birth Rate - Death Rate = Natural Increase
or Annual Percentage Increase
Correlating economic, demographic and
social indicators show that different
indicators of development are associated with
each other TQ
Gender Empowerment Index
• Migration is affected by stage of DTM
First
Major Era
Second
Major Era
Migration to richer
regions
Where does
the UK receive
most of its
immigrants
from?
Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific
location because relatives or members of the same
nationality previously migrated there
reduces level of uncertainty
ties to family and friends at the destination
Step Migration
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•
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•
patterns of culture,
more regionalization
loss of folk cultures, religions, language
The language of industry dominates over local
languages. English, Mandarin, Spanish etc.
• Ethnicities tend to congregate
• Ethnicities tend to assimilate after migrating
• economic activities,
• Percentage of sectors change as countries
develop.
Economic structure
structure of a
population
Von Thunen’s Agricultural
Model
A land use model used to
explain the importance of
proximity to the market in
the choice of crops on
commercial farms(this
created a concentric
pattern: circles sharing
the same centers)
Many of these
topics overlap:
development,
urbanization,
migration etc.
Regional
Growth
agglomeration is used to describe the benefits
that firms obtain when locating near each other.
Facebook
agglomeration is central to the
explanation of how cities increase in
size and population;
This concentration of economic
activity in cities is the reason for the
existence of them and they can
persist and grow throughout time,
only if their advantages outweigh the
disadvantages.
Excessive agglomeration leads
to diseconomies:
• crowding
• Traffic/circulation problems (resulting in
increased transport costs and loss of
efficiency)
• high rents
• rising wages
• inflation (perhaps driven by strong demand
for scarce housing)
• a general decay of infrastructure because of
intense use
• Etc.
Deglomeration occurs when companies and
services leave because of increased costs
of excessive concentration. (diseconomies)
It is this tension between
agglomeration and diseconomies
that allows cities to grow, but keeps
them from becoming too large.
• political organization of space,
• States are devolving by ethnicity
• Supranationalism is occurring: states are
working together economically
• human settlement patterns, particularly
urbanization.
• As agriculture improves, people move to cities
In LDCs interregional migration is often from rural
areas to squatter settlements outside large urban
areas.
US cities are less dense as distance increases from city
center.
• In the US the middle class
moves out of the inner city to
suburbs,
• the older interior becomes
blighted
• Some blighted areas
decrease in value so middle
class move in and gentrify.
Gentrification is huge in Europe
too
Notting Hill London
Walter Christaller formulated the
Central place theory: A theory that
explains the distribution of services,
based on the fact that settlements
serve as centers of market areas for
services.
• larger settlements are fewer and farther
apart than smaller settlements
• larger settlements
provide services for
a larger number of
people who are
willing to travel
farther.
• towns and cities (central places) tend to be
arranged in clear, orderly hierarchies
Under ideal
circumstances (on flat
plains, with good
transportation in every
direction),with hexagonalshaped market areas of
different sizes
arranged around
different-sized
places
rank-size rule: a statistical regularity in city-size
distributions of cities and regions.
The relationship is such that the nth largest city in a
country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in
that country or region.
• Geographic concepts emphasized
throughout the course are:
• regionalization,
Realms
• the dynamics of human population growth and
movement,
Death Rate
• patterns of culture,
• loss of folk culture regionalization more in
Culture section of review
• economic activities,
primary sector: economic activities that are
concerned directly with natural resources of any
kind (agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry)
Subsistence Agriculture: food produced for
direct consumption of the growers and
families (periphery)
Shifting cultivation is globally distributed in the
tropics and subtropics, especially in the rainforests
of :
Inequality in economic development
often has a regional dimension
• political organization of space,
• human settlement patterns, particularly
urbanization.
• Geographic concepts emphasized
throughout the course are:
• and globalization.
• the dynamics of human population growth and
movement, medical revolution, birth control,
international migration
• patterns of culture, English as a lingua franca,
diffusion of Christianity and Islam
• economic activities, green revolution, JIT, call
centers, outsourcing,
• political organization of space, UN, WTO, trading
blocs, federalism, NGO
• and human settlement patterns, particularly
urbanization. LDCs continued urbanization,
increase in shanty towns (not in MDCs)
• A significant outcome of the course is
students’ awareness of the relevance of
academic geography to everyday life and
decision making. This combination of the
academic and the applied gives students a
sophisticated view of the world.