Transcript Reading Maps - CoconinoHighSchool

Map Elements
Learner Expectation
►Content
Standard: 3.0
Geography
 3.01 Understand how to use maps,
globes, and other geographic
representations, tools, and
technologies to acquire, process and
report information from a spatial
perspective.
In this activity you will:
►Learn
about the elements of a map:
latitude, longitude, the hemispheres,
directions, time zone, scale, and map
legends.
►Practice locating position using
longitude and latitude
What is a map?
►A
two-dimensional representation of the
spatial distribution of selected phenomena:
The Earth’s Surface
►A
generalized view of an area, usually some
portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above
at a greatly reduced size
► Any
geographical image of the environment
Why make maps?
► To
represent a larger area than we can
see
► To show a phenomenon or process we
can’t see with our eyes
► To present information concisely
► To show spatial relationships
Who make maps?
► Cartography
the art and science of
mapmaking
► (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write)
► The study and practice of making
representations of the Earth on a flat surface.
Cartography combines science, aesthetics, and
technical ability to create a balanced and
readable representation that is capable of
communicating information effectively and
quickly.
Essential Elements of a Map
► Scale
► Compass
► Symbols
► Legend
► Map
Projection Type
► Author or publisher
Map Types
Aeronautical & Navigational Charts
City/Street Maps
Ecological Inventory
Fire Insurance Maps
Forest Maps
Geologic & Hydrologic Maps
Highway/Road Maps
Outline Maps
Parks & Recreational Maps
Political Maps
Soil Maps
Topographic Maps
Weather Maps
Aeronautical & Navigational Charts
► World
Aeronautical Charts cover land
areas at a standard size and scale for
navigation by
moderate speed
aircraft and
aircraft operating
at high altitudes.
Forest Maps
►
False color map of the distribution of the kinds of forests
in the world. The darkest greens are tropical forest, the
mid green is coniferous (evergreens such as pine) and
the lightest green are temperate forests. The highest
biodiversity occurs in the tropical forests.
Fire Insurance Maps
► These
maps were
prepared primarily to
assist insurance
underwriters in
determining the risk
involved in insuring
individual properties.
Oceans of the World
► The
world has four major oceans.
Arctic
► Atlantic
ocean
► Pacific
► Arctic
Pacific
► Indian
Indian
ocean
Atlantic
ocean
ocean
Global Climates
► Arctic
and Antarctic with cold weather,
so we could make the observation that
the climate at the poles is cold. This
map shows the general climate regions
of the world.
World Religions
► Religious
beliefs help define a people’s
culture, so to understand a people, it is
important to consider what religions
influence that group.
The World Physical
► Physical
maps show what the surface of the
Earth looks like.
Map scale
►
►
►
►
►
Ratio of the distance on the map to the
distance on the ground
Scale is a fraction
Larger area covered means larger
denominator
Larger denominator means smaller
fraction
So a large-scale map covers a small
area
►Larger
►Map
Insert
denominator means smaller fraction
Large-scale
Small-scale
Types of Map Scale
►
1.
►
►
Ratio of the distance on the map to the
distance on the ground
Graphic:
Stays the same when photocopied
Might not be right for the whole map
Scale
Types of Map Scale
2.
Verbal:
1 inch equals 10 miles
►
►
Easy to understand
Can change if photocopied
Types of Map Scale
3.
Representative fraction or ratio:
1:24,000
►
Units don’t matter
Can change if photocopied
►
Map scale
Compass
►A compass is a tool that helps
the user know what direction
one is headed.
►On a map, a compass or a
compass rose helps the user
locate these directions.
How a Compass Works
There is a magnetic field around the
earth.
The magnetized needle in a compass
is aligned with this magnetic field.
As the image to the right shows, the
composition of the earth acts as a
huge bar magnet sitting upside
down in the middle of the planet.
Since its South end is at the north pole
and its North end is at the south
pole, the North end of a compass
needle is pulled north.
Your compass has to have a very light
needle sitting on a pivot that has
almost no friction. This is because
the earth's magnetic field is weak
and would not be able to turn the
needle.
Compass Rose
► Since
the needle on a compass is
magnetized to point to the earth's
north magnetic pole. Thus with a
compass, a person can roughly tell
which direction they are headed.
► There are four major or cardinal
directions on a compass- north,
south, east & west. In between are
the directions northeast,
northwest, southeast, southwest.
Directions
► The
cardinal directions are north, south,
east, and west.
► The intermediate directions are northeast,
southeast, southwest and northwest.
► They help describe the location of places in
relation to other places.
Compass Points
When reading a compass, and
telling other people
directions, you need to wipe
"right" and "left" out of your
vocabulary.
Right and Left are relative
directions and differ
depending on your location
and direction, but the cardinal
points are constant.
The direction halfway between
North and East is an
intercardinal point and is
called NorthEast. The other
three intercardinal points are
SouthEast, SouthWest, and
NorthWest.
Map symbolization
►
►
►
Symbols are a code instead of text
Three kinds: point, line, area
Consider shape, size, orientation,
pattern, color, value
Map symbolization
►
►
►
Symbols are a code instead of text
Three kinds: point, line, area
Consider shape, size, orientation,
pattern, color, value
Point symbols
►
►
►
Every symbol counts as one occurrence
Qualitative points
 Indicate location
 Can also describe that location
Quantitative points
 Show a distribution
 Indicate a value (graduated symbols)
Indicate location
Describe location
Show a
distribution
Indicate a value
Line symbols
►
►
►
►
One-dimensional
Mostly taken for granted (borders,
roads)
Contour connect same values
Flow-line maps indicate value by width
of line
(Contour
lines)
Latitude and Longitude
►The
earth is divided into lots of lines
called latitude and longitude.
Lines
► Latitude
(shown as a horizontal line) is the
angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and
seconds of a point north or south of the
Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred
to as parallels.
Latitude
Lines
► Longitude
(shown as a vertical line) is the
angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and
seconds, of a point east or west of the
Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of
longitude are often referred to as meridians.
Longitude
Where is 0 degree?
►The
equator is 0 degree latitude.
►It is an imaginary belt that runs
halfway point between the North Pole
and the South Pole.
Where is 0 degree?
►The
equator is 0 degree latitude.
►It is an imaginary belt that runs
halfway point between the North Pole
and the South Pole.
Equator
Where is 0 degree?
► The
prime meridian is 0 degrees
longitude. This imaginary line runs through
the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western
Africa, and Antarctica.
P
M
E
R
R
I I
D
► The prime meridianMis 0
I degrees
longitude. This imaginary
E A line runs through
N
the United Kingdom, France,
Spain, western
Where is 0 degree?
Africa, and Antarctica.
Hemispheres
►By
using the equator and prime
meridian, we can divide the
world into four hemispheres,
north, south, east, and west.
Time Zones
►The
Earth is divided into 24 time
zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a
day.
►As the earth rotates, the sun shines in
different areas, moving from east to
west during the course of a day.
►Places that have the same longitude
will be in the same time zone.
Map Legends
► The
legend is the key to unlocking the
secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the
legend represent something on the map.
Religions
Legend
Can you understand this legend?
Age Expectancy
Legend
Map Projections
► Projection:
The system used to transfer
locations from Earth’s surface to a flat
map.
 A projection of an image onto another
surface
►either
a cylinder, a flat plane or a cone
 3 basic types of projections
 cylindrical projection
 planular projection (also known as azimuthal)
 conical projection
Map projection
► Map
projections are necessary for
creating maps. All map projections
distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map,
some distortions are acceptable and
others are not;
Map projection
► The
Mercator projection shows courses of
constant bearing as straight lines.
Miller Cylindrical projection
Azimuthal projection
Map projection
► The
Robinson projection was adopted by
National Geographic Magazine in 1988 but
abandoned by them in about 1997 for the
Winkel Tripel.
►Winkel
Tripel Projection