Transcript NARS

Who does research
in Developing Countries ?
AGED 4713
Spring 2003
Why is Agricultural research
important?

Help to improve development
 economic growth
 poverty alleviation
 rural development
 improve management of natural resources

Ag research is central for boosting
productivity

Better agriculture help to release labor for industrial
employment
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Who does Agricultural Research in
Developing Countries
 Federal Government:
 Ministry of Agriculture
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


Agricultural Universities
Private Sector:
Non-governmental Organizations
All known as
National Agricultural Research System
(NARS)
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What is NARS?
 World Bank defined National Agricultural
Research Systems (NARS) as any national
organization or institution which undertake
agricultural research in developing countries
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Responsibility of NARS:
 To conduct strategic, applied and
adaptive research and on-farm trials to
verify the effectiveness of new
technology.
 To provide interactive link among
extension services, the private sector,
educational institutions, and government
ministries.
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Relationship between IARC and
NARS
 IARC’s strengthening national agricultural
research in developing countries
 Enhancing working relationships with
colleagues in national programs
 Strengthening skills in research administration
and management, and formal training
programs for research staff.
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Advantages of NARS
 Direct institutional /client linkages
 Close proximity to farmer’s problems
 Ability to collect field-level data relatively
inexpensively
 On-site staff and facilities
 Effective conduit for communicating
development strategy and policies to policy
makers
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Types of NARS
• Publicly supported (centralized)
• Collaborative federal/state agricultural
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•
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•
research systems (decentralized )
Endowed research institutes
Agricultural Universities
Private sector research institutes
Non-governmental Organizations
Multinational, regional research institutes
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Publicly supported (centralized)
 Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by,
and receive their financial support from the
Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the
federal government.
 Examples:
 Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria
(Embrapa)
 Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
 Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)
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EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research
Institute
 Embrapa's mission is to provide
feasible solutions for the
sustainable development of the
Brazilian agribusiness by
generating, adapting and
transferring knowledge and
technology that benefits the
Brazilian Society.
http://www.embrapa.br/english/
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Agricultural, Livestock , Rural
Development, Fishing and Food
Secretariat
www.sagarpa.gob.mx
Collaborative federal/state agricultural
research systems (decentralized )
 Systems that channel federal, state, private sector,
and producers (commodity associations) funding to
semi-autonomous state level research and extension
programs.
 Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary,
cross commodity programs
 Research/extension linkage: close, assembling and
adapting technology to producers’ needs.
 Example:
 Mexico: INIFAP
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www.sagarpa.gob.mx
Institutions supported by SAGARPA
Research
Semi-autonomous
Teaching
Extension
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Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
 The National Institute of Forestry,
Livestock and Agricultural Research
www.inifap.conacyt.mx
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• Collaborative federal/state agricultural
research systems (decentralized )
• Funded by
• Federal
• State
• Producers in every state have a foundation
(Fundacion Produce)
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Objectives
 To develop and strengthen National
Strategic Research
 To promote applied research and
technology transfer
 To support research for sustainable
natural resources management
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Researchers by Academic Degree 2002
Academic degree
Number
%
Bachelor
229
19
Master
696
59
Doctorate
260
22
Total
1185
*
100
*6.3% are in Graduate College
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Distribution of researchers by area
2002
Area
Number
%
Forestry
140
12
Crops
760
64
Livestock
285
24
1185
100
Total
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8 Regional Research Centers (CIR)
81 Research Stations
6 National Centers
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Research Programs are
commodity linked with
disciplinary programs
 108 Crops
 Avocado
 Beans
 Barley
 Cacao
 Corn
 Citrus
 Chile
 Coffee
 Cotton
 Mango
 Rice
 Soybean
 Wheat
 Disciplinary areas
 Biotechnology
 Entomology
 Integrated resources
Management
 Plant genetics
 Irrigation systems
 Rain fed land management
 Mechanization
 Biofertilization
 Corn Protein gene(opaco)
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Research Programs are
commodity linked with
disciplinary programs
 Livestock
 Dairy Cattle
 Dual Purpose
 Sheep
 Goat
 Red deer
 Pig
 Poultry
 Honey Bee
 Disciplinary programs
 Animal health
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
Epidemiology
Parasitology
Microbiology
 Nutrition
 Reproduction
 Genetics
 Biothecnology
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INIFAP
Technology Transfer Program to
Livestock producers
 GGAVATT:
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Agricultural universities
 Institutions of higher learning that provide
undergraduate and graduate education and
grant related degrees, conduct research, and
distribute information to agricultural sector
clientele.
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Agricultural universities
Autonomous, some semi-autonomous
Structure: Centralized
Funding sources: Public-federal and state
Nature of programs: education; some research
and extension
 Limited research
 Limited extension linkages
 Linkage with international/multinational
programs
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Summary
 Importance of Agricultural research
 What is a NARS ?
Relationship between IARC and NARS
Types of NARS
 Examples of NARS
Importance of IARC’s
Types of Agricultural research
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International Ag. Research Centers
 The IARC's research agenda focuses on both
strategic and applied research.
 This includes:
Problems affecting agricultural productivity
and links these problems to broader concerns
Poverty reduction,
Sustainable management of natural resources,
Protection of biodiversity
Rural development.
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Types of Agricultural Research
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Basic
Strategic
Applied
Adaptive/on farm level
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Types of Agricultural Research
 Basic Research: is
undertaken to develop
knowledge for its own sake.
Without no predetermined
use in short term.
 Example:
 Gene research
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Types of Agricultural Research
 Strategic Research: is aimed at solving
those problems which affect several regions
of the world or a country.
Try to response why ? And how?
 Example:
 Biotechnology
 Identifying new varieties
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Types of Agricultural Research
 Applied Research: is
aimed to answer
current problems in a
particular state, region
or county.
 Example:


Response to fertilization
Tillage Practices
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Types of Agricultural Research
 Adaptive/Farm Level
Research:
involves the identification,
through experimentation on
farms, of the specific
combination of crop and
animal production practices
that will provide maximum
productivity on those farm
• Example:
Field demonstration, comparison between new
practice and the farmer practice
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