Transcript human geographic principles

What is Globalization?
The increasing
interdependence and
interconnectedness
of places globally.
Implications of Globalization
• The stretching of
global connections,
relations and networks
• Making them faster
and more intense.
• Increasing awareness
about the world.
Interdependence of Places
• Place have become increasingly interdependent.
• Caused by a set of interrelated forces or processes
that we call globalization.
• Globalization helps to extend and deepen linkages
between sets of places (and peoples)
Why Geography Still Matters
• Questions of POWER:
Global flows are managed
in particular place(s)
• Global flows generate
uneven spatial impacts.
• Human Geography has
become more rather than
less important.
World-system
• CORE - Industrialized, market-oriented countries
– Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia.
• PERIPHERY - Poor, ex-colonial nations
– Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.
• SEMI-PERIPHERY - Partially industrialized
ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter)
—South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.
Not regional geography approach
• Country-by-country, or region-by-region
• Examines internal geography of each
world region.
• Does not adequately show connections
between regions (basis of globalization)
Systematic geography approach
Through human geographic lenses:
• Population geography
• Cultural geography
• Economic geography
• Urban geography
• Political geography
• Some environmental geography
Population geography
• Growth in Periphery
• “Graying” in Core
• Resulting changes in
migration patterns
• Causes and
consequences of
forced migration.
Cultural geography
• Relationship between
place & cultural identity.
• Cultural homogenization
(Americanization) from
globalization?
• Yet cultural differences
across places are
becoming significant?
Economic geography
• Rising economic
interdependence among
places.
• Local responses in turn
affect globalization.
• “Glocalization” a better
term than globalization?
Political geography
• Economics supposedly eroding
significance of borders.
• Ethnic minorities feel they
deserve states of their own.
• States under attack from above
(global economics) and from
below (ethnic communities).
• Yet states are still powerful, and
can respond.
Urban geography
• Different types of cities
in core and periphery.
• How globalization
affects cities. Are they
still needed in the
information age ?
• Strong reasons for cities
to still exist.
Watershed moment
in human history
Dramatic changes in social, cultural,
political, economic relations at the…
• Global scale
• State (national) scale
• Regional scale
• Local scale
• Scales interrelate, affect each other
Changes since 1990
• Collapse of Soviet Union, end of Cold War.
• Rise of local ethnic/religious nationalism.
• New forms and locations of warfare.
• Communications revolution (Internet).
• Massive increase in economic globalization.
Collapse of Soviet bloc
• Changes in former
Soviet Union and
allies.
• Changes in the
developing world.
• Changes in the U.S.,
now without a
powerful enemy.
Rise of ethnic nationalism
• Soviet, Yugoslav breakups.
• Minority ethnic groups
looking to end majority
“oppression.”
• Increased local/ethnic
identity as reaction to
impersonal globalization.
• Increased ability to survive
as smaller country.
Communications revolution
• Only 50 websites in
1992; 2.5 billion +
today.
• Internet makes world
more connected, yet in
more specialized niches.
• Can be used for
globalization from
above, or from below.
New forms and
locations of warfare
• Smaller, more brutal wars.
• Military technologies more
efficient, usually not made
by combatants.
• Freelancers can wage war
• Physical distance or
borders no longer protect
Economic Globalization
From above (elites)
From
below
Country 1
Country 2
Globalization from above
• Globalization from the top down
• Increasing power of corporations through
internationalizing of production and marketing.
• Financial markets transcend national
boundaries.
• Telecommunications spreads ideas, cultures
Players in globalization
from above
• Governments and elites in
every country
• Multinational corporations
• International agencies (UN)
• Global trade/finance
agencies
– World Bank,IMF, WTO
Globalization from below
• Globalization from the bottom up.
• Greater economic interdependence eroding
governments?
• Increasing influence of local scale to affect global
policies: “Think Globally, Act Locally.”
• Easier communications among those at the bottom?
Players in globalization
from below
• Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) —
Greenpeace, Amnesty Int’l, etc.
• Alliances of communities
with a common concern,
linked through Internet.
– Seattle WTO protests, 1999
• Some international agencies
Mental map of the world
• “Cognitive maps” show our perception of a place,
from memory only.
• Be as accurate as you can about the size, shape, and location
of world regions. Don’t need grids.
• Show as much as you possibly can. Be detailed about features,
place names, political borders, etc.
• Don’t worry about geographic knowledge or artistic skills!
No grade will be given, put your section number, but not name.