Transcript 無投影片標題 - Shun Lee Catholic Secondary School

What is locational rent?
It is the difference between
the revenue received by a
farmer for a crop grown on a
piece of land and the total
cost
of
producing
and
transporting that crop. It is
therefore the profit from a
unit of land.
LR=Yp-Yc-Ytd
Total
Revenue
Production Transport
cost
cost
LR = locational rent
Y = yielding (tonne/ha)
p = price ($/tonne)
c = production cost ($/tonne)
t = unit transport cost ($/tonne/km)
d = distance from market (km)
Assumption:
•
•
•
•
•
•
An ‘isolated state’
sole market and sole supplier
Perfect competition
uniform plain
farmers aim to maximize profit
single mode of transport(uniform
unit transport cost)
• transport cost is direct proportional
to distance and weight
Market conditions:
• Perfect competition was assumed.
• There are numerous buyers and
sellers.
• Market price is determined by
supply and demand.
• Farmers are economic men who are
well-informed and aim at profit
maximization.
Locational rent ($)
3000
Intensive
2500
2000
Extensive
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
Distance from urban market (km)
30
3000
Locational rent ($)
2500
2000
1500
Vegetable
Wheat
Potato
1000
500
0
-500 0
10
20
30
-1000
-1500
Distance from urban market (km)
40
Von Thunen’s Model
• Market gardening
• Forestry
• 6-year crop
rotation
• 7-year arable (with
fallowing)
• Three-field system
• livestock farming
Locational
rent
Effect of a
navigable river
Distance
Von Thunen’s Model with
navigable river
• Market gardening
• Forestry
• 6-year crop
rotation
• 7-year arable (with
fallowing)
• Three-field system
• livestock farming
Locational
rent
Effect of a new
town
Distance
Von Thunen’s Model with new
town
• Market gardening
• Forestry
• 6-year crop
rotation
• 7-year arable (with
fallowing)
• Three-field system
• livestock farming
Which of von thunen’s principles
are still true?
• more intensive farming can be
found near to urban market
• perishable farming products
such as milk should be produced
near urban market
Which of von Thunen’s
assumption are unrealistic
• there is a uniform plain
• transport cost is directly
proportional to distance and
weight
• man is economically rational
Major changes in farming since
von Thunen’s time
• improvement in transport technology
• rapid decrease in unit transport cost
• international regional specialization
and division of labour
• rapid urban development and strong
anticipation of urban encroachment
Neglected factors
• the active role of government /
institutional factors
• perception of farmers /
behavioural factors
Underlying forces of Sinclair’s Model
Transport technology
Improved and more efficient means of transport
have displaced former methods. Costs of of
transport have declined greatly in relation to
most other agricultural production costs.
Transport costs are not directly proportional to
distance and bulk. Because of refrigeration and
air-conditioning
techniques,
perishable
commodities can be carried long distance.
Agricultural produce is processed before
shipment. These new development help to satisfy
fully the changing tastes of the modern city
dweller, who demands a more varied and exotic
diet.
Human organization
Modern organization favours large scale
production and mass transportation of
agricultural produce. As a result, physical
or other advantages of distant,
specialized regions have become more
important than in the past. For this same
reason, there is rarely such a thing as a
single local market, but rather a
nationwide or worldwide market.
Living habit
In many advanced developed parts of the
world, the basic forces determining
agricultural land use near urban areas are
associated with urban expansion with
population growth and constantly
expanding areas of urban land use.
Although urban expansion is uneven and in
many ways chaotic, there is evidence that
it creates an agricultural pattern quite
often is one of increasing intensity ,
opposite to von Thunen’s theory.
Value of
agriculture
From O-P, agricultural value is 0.
From P-Q, agricultural value
increases as the distance increases.
From Q onward, agricultural
value keeps constant.
O
P
Q
Distance
R from city
From O-P, urban expansion has resulted in
the replacement of agricultural land by
urban uses.
The locational rent of urban uses are much
higher than farming use.
Agriculture has been outbid by urban land
uses. Agricultural value thus is zero.
At the margin of O-P, replacement does not
take place yet, but will sooner do. Existing
farmland may lie idle waiting for
speculation.
From P-Q, immediate urban expansion
does not occur in the meanwhile. But
sooner or later, the land will be replaced
by urban uses.
It is not justifiable for farmers to invest too
much on their farms. The land still can
bring income if it is used for extensive
grazing or growing of field crops.
The further away from the city, the weaker
is the influence of urban expansion. Thus
value of agriculture increases slowly with
distance from city.
Beyond Q, the influence of urban expansion
ceases.
The most economical way of using the land is
farming. It is also justifiable to invest
much on the land. Agricultural value is
high.
The flat curve indicates that farming
potential is not so controlled by physical
distance.
Region Agricultu Farming
ral value intensity
O-P
zero /
lowest
Reasons
urban influence changes
land use pattern;
Lowest
agricultural land is outbid
by urban uses
P-Q
Increasing
urban influence is not
Increas- immediate; urban
ing
influences decreases with
distance
Q-R
constant
in high
level
urban influence is
minimum; long term
Highest
planning in farming is
possible
Value of
agriculture
Distance
from city
Ring 1- Urban Farming
• At the urban edges, land is either changing to
urban use, being subdivided, or held by
speculators. Here urban farming, a hodgepodge
of small producing units, is scattered. These are
poultry-keeping, greenhouses, or mushroomraising which often take place in building or
multi-storeyed buildings. Such activities do not
correspond to the market-gardening or dairying
as suggested by Von Thunen. They are farm
factories and are really industrial forms of land
use, though destined for early disappearance.
Ring 2 - Vacant and grazing
It is mainly a zone of vacant land or
land of temporary grazing. Where
farmers leave much land empty to
sell to speculators at the most
lucrative moment, and only allow
grazing under short-term lease, i.e.
any activities are short-lived and
extensive.
Ring 3-Field crop and grazing
It is a field crop and grazing zone. It
is an area of transitional agriculture,
where farming is carried on.
Farmers do not wish to invest
capital. Hired labour is expensive.
It is more profitable to find jobs in
city than to work on farms. Farming,
therefore, tends to be extensive.
Ring 4-Dairying and field crop
It is a broad zone of dairying and
field crops. The zone is outside the
price mechanism of the city in terms
of land use being influenced by
anticipated urbanization. It is within
the city’s influence in a marketing
sense because it constitutes the
major part of fresh milkshed of the
metropolitan area.
Ring 5-Specialized feed grain
livestock
It is a zone of specialized feed-grain
livestock (e.g. the Corn Belt). The
economy of the farms is not under
the direct influence of the
metropolitan area. It continues to
serve, and be influenced by a
national market.
Evaluation on Sinclair’s Model
•
•
•
•
•
dynamic
Scale
urban as a market
institutional factors
behavioural factors
Von Thunen
Models
Assumption isolated states
/ conditions one market
Sinclair Models
world-wide market
mass production and
uniform plain transportation urbanization
economic man and expansion of
metropolitian area
perfect
uniform plain
competition
economic men
backward
advanced and improved
transport
transport & technology
change of dietary habit for
more fresh, expensive and
exotic food
Cropping
pattern
horticulture
wood
6-year rotation
7-year rotation
3-field system
livestock
farming
urban farming
vacant and
grazing
field crop and
grazing
dairying and
field crop
specialized feed
grain livestock
Productio  production intensity  production intensity
increase with
n methods decreases with
increasing distance
increasing from the
from market
metropolitian area
Key
concepts
 locational
/economic rent
 distance decay
relationship
 competition of land
for urban uses
 value of
agricultural landuse
 locational rent of
urban and
agricultural uses
 distance increase
relationship
Application
Real world
examples:
hill villages in
the
Mediterranean
lands of Europe
Uruguay
Intensity of
agriculture in
Europe in 50's
and 60's
Real world
examples:
metropolitian
areas of US
Midwest
Problems oversimplified
outdated
fail to recognize
the role of
government
fail to include
behavior factors
Applicability in
Hong Kong
Difficulties:
oversimplificati
on of
assumptions
pattern of urban
sprawl
dynamic nature
of agricultural
land use
government
policy
Intensity of
Land use
Von Thunen
Intensity of
Land use
Sinclair
Distance from
Urban
Distance from
Urban
Intensity of Land use
HONG KONG
Distance from Urban
Hong Kong 1950s & 1960s
Market town
Market gardening
Paddy
Field crops
Abandonment due
to anticipation of
urban
encroachment
New town
expansion
Expansion of
market gardening
Abandonment due to
poor accessibility