Transcript Geo HB - Burnet Middle School

Globes and Maps
Map Projections
Location
Hemispheres
Parts of a Map
Using Scale
Types of Maps
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Globes and Maps
What is a Globe?
A globe is a round model of the
Earth that shows its shape,
landforms, and directions as
they truly relate to one another.
Globes and Maps
What is a Map?
A map is a flat drawing
of all or part of the
Earth’s surface.
Cartographers, or
mapmakers, use
mathematical formulas
to transfer information
from the round globe
to a flat map.
Globes and Maps
Globes and Maps
Globes and maps
serve different
purposes, and
each has
advantages and
disadvantages.
Map Projections
When the Earth’s surface is flattened on a
map, big gaps open up. Mapmakers stretch
parts of the Earth to show either the correct
shapes of places or their correct sizes.
Mapmakers have developed different
projections, or ways of showing the Earth on
a flat piece of paper.
Map Projections
Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection
A map with this projection shows continents close to
their true shapes and sizes. This projection is helpful to
compare land area among continents.
Map Projections
Robinson Projection
The Robinson projection has minor distortions.
Continents and oceans are close to their sizes and
shapes, but the North and South Poles appear flattened.
Map Projections
Mercator Projection
The Mercator projection
shows land shapes fairly
accurately but not size or
distance. Areas that are
located far from the
Equator are quite
distorted. The Mercator
projection shows true
directions, however,
making it useful for sea
travel.
Map Projections
Winkel Tripel Projection
This projection gives a good overall view of the
continents’ shapes and sizes. Land areas are not as
distorted near the poles as they are in the Robinson
projection.
Location
To locate places on Earth, geographers use
a system of imaginary lines that crisscross
the globe. These lines are called latitude
and longitude.
Location
Latitude
• Lines of latitude are imaginary circles that run east to west
around the globe. They are known as parallels. These parallels
divide the globe into units called degrees.
• The Equator circles the middle of the
Earth like a belt. It is located halfway
between the North and South Poles.
The Equator is 0° latitude.
• The letter N or S that follows the
degree symbol tells you if the
location is north or south of the
Equator. The North Pole, for
example, is 90°N (north) latitude,
and the South Pole is at 90°S (south)
latitude.
Location
Longitude
• Lines of longitude, also known as
meridians, run from the North Pole to
the South Pole. The Prime Meridian
(also called the Meridian of
Greenwich) is 0° longitude and runs
through Greenwich, England.
• The letter E or W that follows the
degree symbol tells you if the location
is east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• On the opposite side of the Earth is
the 180° meridian, also known as the
International Date Line.
Location
Absolute Location
A place’s exact location can be
identified when you use both
latitude and longitude. For
example, Tokyo, Japan, is 36°N
latitude and 140°E longitude.
Hemispheres
The Equator divides the Earth into Northern and
Southern Hemispheres. Everything north of the Equator
is in the Northern Hemisphere. Everything south of the
Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere.
Hemispheres
The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into Eastern and
Western Hemispheres. Everything east of the Prime
Meridian for 180 degrees is in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Everything west of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees
is in the Western Hemisphere.
Parts of
a Map
Parts of
a Map
Using Scale
All maps are drawn to a certain scale. The
scale of a map is the size of the map
compared to the size of the actual land
surface. Thus, the scale of a map varies with
the size of the area shown.
Using Scale
Small-Scale Maps
A small-scale map, like
this political map of
Mexico, shows a large
land area but little detail.
Using Scale
Large-Scale Maps
A large-scale map, like
this map of Mexico City,
shows a small land area
with a great amount of
detail.
Using Scale
How Do I Use a Scale Bar?
Use the scale bar to find actual distances on a map.
The scale bar tells you how many kilometers or
miles are represented in that length. You can use a
ruler, then, to calculate distances based on the
scale bar’s length.
About ½ an inch equals 300 miles. A little more than
½ a centimeter is equal to 300 kilometers.
Types of Maps
General Purpose Maps
Maps are amazingly useful tools. You can use them to
show information and to make connections between
seemingly unrelated topics. Geographers use many
different types of maps. Maps that show a wide range
of information about an area are called general
purpose maps. Two of the most common general
purpose maps are physical maps and political maps.
Types of Maps
Physical Maps
Physical maps call
out landforms and
water features. The
map key explains
what each color and
symbol stands for.
Types of Maps
Political Maps
Political maps show the
names and political
boundaries of countries,
along with human-made
features such as cities
or transportation routes.
Types of Maps
Special Purpose Maps
Some maps are made to present specific types of
information. These are called thematic or special
purpose maps. These maps usually show specific
topics in detail. Special purpose maps may include
information about
• climate
• population density
• vegetation
• historical expansion
• natural resources
Types of Maps
Historical Maps
Historical maps
show events that
occurred in a
region over time.
In the map to the
right, you can see
where Europeans
settled in the North
America continent
in the past.
Types of Maps
Contour Maps
A contour map has
contour lines—one
line for each major
level of elevation. All
the land at the same
elevation is connected
by a line. These lines
usually form circles or
ovals—one inside the
other. If contour lines
are close together, the surface is steep. If the lines
are spread apart, the land is flat or rises gradually.
Types of Maps
Vegetation Maps
Vegetation maps are
special purpose
maps that show the
different types of
plants that are found
in a region.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Graphs
Graphs present and summarize information visually.
Each part of a graph provides useful information. To
read a graph, follow these steps:
• Read the graph’s title to find out its subject.
• To understand bar and line graphs, read the labels
along the axes—the vertical line along the left side of
the graph and the horizontal line along the bottom of
the graph. One axis will tell you what is being
measured. The other axis tells you what units of
measurement are being used.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Bar Graphs
Graphs that use bars
or wide lines to
compare data visually
are called bar graphs.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Circle Graphs
You can use circle graphs
when you want to show
how the whole of
something is divided into
its parts. Because of their
shape, circle graphs are
often called pie graphs.
Each slide represents a
part or percentage of the
whole pie. The whole
graph generally totals
100 percent.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Line Graphs
Line graphs help show changes over a period of time.
The amounts being measured are plotted on the grid
above each year and then are connected by a line.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Charts
Charts present related facts
and numbers in an
organized way. They
arrange data, especially
numbers, in rows and
columns for easy reference.
Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams are
drawings that
show steps in a
process, point out
the parts of an
object, or explain
how something
works.
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction, or
Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this
chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily
Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the Geography Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion,
and figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
This slide is intentionally blank.