Transcript unit ii: population - Effingham County Schools

UNIT II: POPULATION
 WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE
AND WHY?
 WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN
PARTICULAR PLACES?
 WHY DOES POPULATON COMPOSITION
MATTER?
 HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH
INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS?
 HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT
POPULATION CHANGE?
 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
 2.1 RATE NEEDED TO KEEP NATION
AT OR ABOVE REPLACEMENT LEVEL
WITHOUT IMMIGRATION
 DECLINING
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE AND
WHY?
 POPULATION – ACROSS SPACE
 DEMOGRAPHY
 POP. DENSITY – MEAUSRE OF TOTAL
POPULATION RELATIVE TO LANDSIZE

*ARITHMETIC POP. DENSITY

*EVEN DISTRIBUTION OVER LAND
MAPS, POP. DENSITY
WORLD POPULATION DENSITY
EXAMPLES
 USA, 81 PSM
 BANGLADESH, 2738 PSM
 EGYPT, 203, PSM
 SEE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
POPULATION DENSITY
 PHYSIOLOGICAL – POP. PER AREA OF
ARABLE LAND

*EX. EGYPT, 6776 PSM
 POP. DISTRIBUTIONS – LOCATION
WHERE PEOPLE LIVE
 NOT EVEN DISTRIBUTION BY
CONTINENT OR NATION
GLOBAL SCALE, POP. DENSITY
 DOT MAPS, P. 42, 43
 POP. CLUSTERS

1. EAST ASIA

2. SOUTH ASIA

3. EUROPE

4. NORTH AMERICA
 WHERE? MAJOR CITIES, RIVER VALLEYS,
COAST
 #’S 1, 2, 3, OVER 4 BILLION PEOPLE
EAST ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
NORTH AMERICA
 URBAN (CITY) AREA, E. COAST
 WASHINGTON D.C. TO BOSTON,
MASS.
 MEGALOPOLIS, URBAN
AGGLOMERATION
 CENSUS, POP. COUNT, EVERY 10 YRS
WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE AND
FALL IN DIFFERENT PLACES?
 THOMAS MALTHUS, AN ESSAY ON
THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION,
1798
 POPULATION INCREASING FASTER
THAN FOOD SUPPLY
 WHAT HAPPENS IN ONE SCALE
AFFECTS ANTOHER AT SAME TIME
 WORLD, REGIONAL, NATIONAL,
LOCAL
THOMAS MALTHUS
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
MODEL
 THE SHIFT IN POPULATION GROWTH
 The Demographic transition (DT) used to represent
the transition from high birth and death rates to low
birth and death rates as a country develops from a
pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
The theory is based on an interpretation of
demographic history developed in 1929 by the
American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson
observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death
rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200
years.
DTM, 5 STAGES
 STAGE 1 - In stage one, pre-industrial
society, death rates and birth rates
are high and roughly in balance.
DTM
 STAGE 2 - That of a developing country, the
death rates drop rapidly due to
improvements in food supply and
sanitation, which increase life spans and
reduce disease. These changes usually
come about due to improvements in
farming techniques, access to technology,
basic healthcare, and education. Without a
corresponding fall in birth rates this
produces an imbalance, and the countries
in this stage experience a large increase in
population.
DTM
 STAGE 3 - In stage three, birth rates fall
due to access to contraception, increases in
wages, urbanization, a reduction in
subsistence agriculture, an increase in the
status and education of women, a reduction
in the value of children's work, an increase
in parental investment in the education of
children and other social changes.
Population growth begins to level off.
DTM
 STAGE 4 - During stage four, there are both low birth
rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to
well below replacement level as has happened in
countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a
shrinking population, a threat to many industries that
rely on population growth. As the large group born
during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden
on the shrinking working population. Death rates may
remain consistently low or increase slightly due to
increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise
levels and high obesity and an aging population in
developed countries.
DTM
 STAGE 5 – DECLINING POPULATION
DTM
WHY DOES POPULATION
COMPOSITION MATTER?
 POP. COMPOSITION, ASPECTS OF
POPULATION
 WHAT IS IMPORTANT? SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH RATES,
POP. COMPOSITION
 COMPOSTION: AGE, GENDER,
EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS
 POP. PYRAMIDS SHOW ABOVE DATA
VISUALLY, P.58
HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF
HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION
DYNAMICS?
 BESIDES A NATION’S POP. AND
GROWTH RATE, THE WELFARE OF A
NATION’S PEOPLE ACROSS REGIONS,
ETHNICITIES, AND SOCIAL CLASS IS
IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO
SANITATION, PREVALENCE OF
DISEASE, AND AVAILABILITY OF
HEALTH CARE.
LEADING MEASURES OF A
NATION’S POPULATION
 1. IMR, INFANT MORTALITY RATE
 A BABY’S DEATH DURING YR. 1
AFTER BIRTH
 # OF DEATH CASES PER 1000 LIVE
BIRTHS
 2. CMR, CHILD MORTALITY RATE
 CHILD’S DEATH BETWEEN YRS. 1-5
 IMR, CMR REFLECT OVERALL HEALTH
OF NATION, P. 59
CAUSES, HIGH IMR








MAIN: MOTHER’S HEALTH
MALNOURISHMENT OF MOTHER
OVERWORK/EXHAUSTION
LACK OF EDUCATION
DISEASE
PROLONGED DIARRHEA
POOR SANITATION
ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER
 HIGH IMR-POOR NATIONS, DEVELOPING
 LOW IMR-RICH NATIONS, DEVELOPED
 IMR VARIES WITHIN NATIONS ACOORDING TO
REGION ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ETC.
 IMR, CMR HIGH IN MOST OF AFRICA, ASIA
EXAMPLE, SOUTH AFRICA
 IMR FOR S. AF.=48 (AVERAGE)
 IMR FOR S. AF. WHITES IS EUR. AV.
 IMR FOR S. AF. BLACKS IS AF. AV.
EXAMPLE, USA




IMR
IMR
IMR
IMR
AVERAGE = 6.8
FOR BLACKS = 13.6
FOR WHITES = 5.7
VARIES BY REGION
 HIGHEST IMR = S.; LOWEST IMR = NE
 REITERATION: IN USA, LIKE OTHER NATIONS,
IMR, CMR, VARY BY REGION ACCORDING TO
ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ED LEVELS, AND
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.
ANOTHER MEASURE OF A
NATION’S POPULATION…
 LIFE EXPECTANCY
 NO. OF YRS. A PERSON MAY EXPECT
TO REMAIN ALIVE
 WOMEN OUTLIVE MEN
 HIGHEST = JAPAN, AGE 82 DUE TO
LOW IMR, CMR, FR
 LOWEST = SUBSAHARAN AFRICA,
AGE 40
 HIV-AIDS
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
 GEOGRAPHERSSTUDY DISEASE
 WHY? PREDICT
DIFFUSION,
PREVENTION
 CATEGORIES:
 INFECTIOUS,
 CHRONIC,
 GENETIC,




SPATIAL EXTENT
ENDEMIC
EPIDEMIC
PANDEMIC
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT
POPULATION CHANGE?
 GOVTS HAVE POLICIES INFLUENCING
GROWTH RATE OR ETHNIC RATIOS
W/IN POP.
 POLICIES
 1.EXPANSIVE
 2.EUGENIC
 3.RESTRICTIVE
EXPANSIVE
 GOVT ENCOURAGES LARGE FAMILIES
TO RAISE RATE OF NATURAL
INCREASE
 EXS., USSR IN COLD WAR; PRC
UNDER MAO ZEDONG
 PRESENTLY, NATIONS W/ AGING
POPS OFFER FISCAL INCENTIVES
EUGENIC
 GOVT FAVORS ONE ETHNICITY OR
CULTURE SECTOR OF POP
 EX., NAZI GERMANY
RESTRICTIVE
 GOVT REDUCES NATURAL INCREASE.
 GOVT IS TOLERANT OF UNAPPROVED
BIRTHCONTROL AND / OR LARGE FAMILY
PROHIBITIONS
 EX., PRC’S ONE CHILD POLICY
 REDUCTION OF PRC’S GROWTH RATE
 RESULTS: FEMALE INFANTICIDE,
INCREASED ABORTIONS, ORPHANED
GIRLS
 PRESENTLY, PRC RELAXATION OF POLICY