Transcript The Third Agricultural Revolution

Agriculture
Let it Snow! Let it Snow!
We’ll learn Agriculture anyway.
Debra Troxell, NBCT
1st Agricultural Revolution
The 1st Ag. Rev. (aka Neolithic
Revolution) is when farming began –
around 10,000 BC
On the following map, look at where
the 1st Ag. Rev. began – What other
map have we’ve seen that has a
similar spatial distribution?
Agricultural Hearths –
1st Agricultural Revolution
What other map have we’ve seen that
has a similar spatial distribution?
1st Agricultural Revolution
The development of agriculture is
similar to the development of early
civilizations.
Same map, different question – Look at
what was domesticated in each area.
You do NOT have to know every list.
But pick a few from each area.
At this point stereotyping works well –
Where is rice developed, beans,
grapes…?
Agricultural Hearths –
1st Agricultural Revolution
Know a few examples from each area –
Stereotyping works well (no not all the
time, just with this map)
Agricultural Hearths
Why does stereotyping work well with
this activity? Think geographically.
What does the crop grown have to do
with the geography? If rice grew well in
Asia in 10,000 BC, will rice still grow
well now?
Why is rice and tea associated with
Asian food? Beans and chili peppers
with Latin America? Grapes and olives
around the Mediterranean?
Types of Planting
Seed planting – you plant seeds
Vegetative planting – you plant the
vegetable – Have you ever forgotten
about a bag of potatoes? You find
them growing long white things? Well if
you plant a potato, it grows long white
things which will grow more potatoes. (I
don’t really know exactly how it works,
but you knew that didn’t you.)
Types of Planting
I don’t think you’ll be asked for which
types of planting began where. Just
know the difference and that vegetative
planting was earlier.
How did Agriculture begin?
My mom didn’t grocery shop regularly
– so one day I’m at home foraging for
food. I found a potato. I contemplated
the potato with a far away look in my
eye. “I shall plant this potato so in 6
weeks I shall have more potatoes” I
declared. NO. I cut up, fried and ate my
last potato.
Did agriculture begin because
population pressure threatened the
food supply?
Carl Sauer’s beliefs on
domestication
Domestication probably did not develop in response
to hunger
– Starving people must spend every waking hour searching
for food
Started by people who had enough food to remain
settled in one place
Did not occur in grasslands or river floodplains
because of thick sod and periodic flooding
Must have started in regions where many different
kinds of wild plants grew
Started in hilly district areas, where climates
change with differing sun exposure and altitude
Vegetative Planting 1st (transplanting part of actual
plant) then Seed Planting
Assignment
Read the “The Worst Mistake in the
History of the Human Race” article and
answer the questions.
Guess on the average height of
modern people first, then you can
google it.
Diffusion along Trade Routes
Farming Techniques diffused along
trade routes as well as foods
Subsistence Agriculture
– Remember subsistence means barely
sufficient to survive
– Found in LDC’s
Commercial Agriculture
– Found in MDC’s
Distinguishing features
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Purpose of farming
# of farmers in the labor force
Use of machinery
Farm size
Rubenstein
p. 330-333
Relationship of farming
to other
businesses
Distinguishing features
• Purpose of farming
– Subsistence: to feed the family (think the
Power of Place Guatemala where the family
barely grew enough corn for the family)
– Commercial: to sell
• # of farmers in the labor force
– Subsistence: a high percentage of the country
is engaged in the primary sector of the
economy (remember the maps showing
primary sector economy and parts of Africa
were 70%+ primary)
– Commercial: very few (US has less than 10%
farmers)
Rubenstein p. 330-333
Distinguishing features
• Use of machinery
– Subsistence: almost no machinery because
the farms are small and the people are poor
– Commercial: completely mechanized
• Farm size
– Subsistence: small family farms of 2 – 10
acres
– Commercial: large farms of maybe 100 acres
• Relationship of farming to other
businesses
– Commercial: part of a large integrated network
of businesses
Rubenstein p. 330-333
Arable Land
Arable – land that is farm-able
Would you expect MDCs to have a lot
of arable or not much? Why?
LDCs? Why?
Do MDCs or LDCs typically have more
arable land?
Arable Land by Country
Arable Land
It doesn’t really correlate.
The US and western Europe do have a
lot of arable land but Monaco,
Switzerland and Norway do not.
Nigeria, China, and Brazil have quite a
bit.
But look back at the rest of Africa…
Percent of Labor Force engaged
in Agriculture
Rub. Map 331
Is there a correlation with
mechanization (tractors) and the
percentage of people engaged in the
primary sector of the economy?
The higher % of
primary sector
labor force, then
less
mechanization.
Because
subsistence ag. is
characterized by
small, poor farms.
Rub. Map 331
World Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture
On this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell
some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America,
subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce
sold at markets.
Assignment
Use your textbook – Agriculture
chapter, key issue 2 – to complete the
Agriculture Regions chart.
LDC: Shifting Cultivation
Characterized by
– Slash and burn agriculture
– Using field for only a few years
Cleared land called Swidden or
ladang, milpa, chena or kaingin
Crops
– SE Asia: rice
– S America: maize & cassava
– Africa: millet & sorghum
Why is Shifting cultivation expected
to diminish in the 21st century?
Reason
Explanation
Technological Advancements
fertilizers hybrid seeds pesticides
Leads to increased Yields and food Quality
Leads to sedentary farming
Expanding / growing populations
Less available land
Higher Physiological and Agricultural
density
Reduced Soil Fertility
Development of Commercial
Agriculture
Profit motive
More Efficient
Plantation and agribusiness
Competing land use activities (login
ranching etc.
Take away from shifting cultivation
Changing Gov. and environmental
policies
Control deforestation
Restrictions on land rights or usage
Limiting Carbon emissions
LDC: Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agricultural
Located in semiarid lands of: N.
Africa, Middle East, Central Asia
Only 15 million people are pastoral
nomads but use 20% of Earth’s land
area
Transhumance: herders
LDC: Intensive Subsistence
Agriculture w/wet rice
Intensive: farmers more
work more intensively to
subsist
Areas of high population
density resulting in less
land available/farmer
Some are wet rice areas
Some have double
cropping (2 harvests/yr)
LDC: Intensive Subsistence
Agriculture wet rice not dominant
Areas with low precipitation
Crops: wheat, barley, legumes, etc.
Crop rotation
Common in China
LDC: Plantation Farming
A large farm that specializes in one
or two crops: cotton, sugarcane,
coffee, rubber & tobacco
Usually in subtropics
Usually in areas of low population
density – must import workers
LDC: Plantation Farming
Rubber Trees
– Area 700 miles on each side of
equator
– A video about how to get the rubber
from the tree
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB5wd
mbcI3o
– Optional: A children’s song about
Rubber Trees
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOOTF
8vu6ps
Coffee Production &
Consumption
Tea
Sugarcane
MDC: Mixed Crop & Livestock
Most common form of commercial
ag in US
Most crops are fed to animals rather
than for human consumption – corn
or soybeans common
Uses crop rotation
Rub. Map 343
MDC: Dairy Farming
Once only in MDC’s, now more
common in S & E Asia –
– India is the #1 producer
Must be close to market – milkshed
– Improved transportation and
refrigeration have increased milkshed
radius
Rub. Map p. 344
Milk
Most of the world does not drink cow’s
milk. Goat milk is common
In the US, dairy farms were very close
to every population center. Milk had to
be produced close by, daily delivery
was necessary because the milk would
spoil quickly (before refrigeration)
What happened in areas in which milk
production was greater than milk
consumption?
Hint!!!
What happened in
areas in which milk
production was
greater than milk
consumption?
MDC: Grain Farming
Crops grown primarily for human
consumption
Grains are: wheat, corn, oats, barley,
rice, millet, etc.
Stores easily & transported a long
distance
N. Am prairies – world’s “breadbasket”
Rub. Map 346
MDC: Livestock Ranching
Commercial grazing of livestock
over an extensive (means large)
area
Range wars caused by enclosures –
read some background information
– http://www.yesenglish.com:9090/yesyoungdo/online/library/e
book/grade5/above/lesson23.pdf
– It is long – only read the following sections
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Introduction
The Need for Barbed Wire
The Homesteads
Farmers Fence the Plains
Ranchers Object
Fence Wars
Rub. Map 348
MDC: Livestock Ranching
Introduction of new cattle breeds
Ranching: USA, Spain, Portugal,
Argentina, southern Brazil &
Uruguay
– Check out this website – Does a field
trip sound good?
– http://www.leblonsteakhouse.com/abo
ut
Rub. Map 348
Do you want to build a
snowman?
http://www.abcya.com/snowman.htm
MDC: Mediterranean Ag.
S. Europe, N. Africa, w. Asia,
California, central Chile, & sw.
Australia
All of the above borders seas, most
on west coast off continents
Mostly horticulture: fruits,
vegetables, and flowers &
commercial tree crops
Most of world’s olives & grapes
produced in Med. areas
Mediterranean Agriculture
MDC: Commercial Gardening
Predominant in SE US
A short, slightly offensive video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI3Avp2TSCo
Highly efficient large-scale operations –
grows lettuce, cantaloupe, green beans,
etc.
New England has specialty farming –
limited but increased demand among
affluent, ex: asparagus, strawberries,
etc.
Agricultural Regions
By Derwent Whittlesey, 1936
11 main agricultural regions
– 5 in LDC’s
– 6 in MDC’s
– including 1 where ag is nonexistent
Koppen Climate System
Koppen Classification System of Climates
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.ht
ml
Climate Types
1. Humid Equatorial Climates (Tropical: Class A)
Af – no dry season
Am – Short dry season
Aw – dry winters (S.W. Florida)
2. Dry Climates (Dry: Class B)
Bs – Semiarid
Bw – Arid
3. Humid Temperate Climates (Temperate: Class C)
Cf – no dry season
Cw – dry winter
Cs – dry summer
4. Humid Cold Climates (Cold: Class D)
Df – no dry season
Dw – dry winter
5. Cold Polar (tundra and ice) (Polar: Class E)
6. Highland Climates (Vertical)
1. Humid Equatorial Climates
2. Dry Climates
3. Humid Temperate Climates
4. Humid Cold Climates
5. Cold Polar
6. Highland Climates (Vertical)
A different Agricultural regions map
What does climate have
to do with agriculture
regions? Wet rice is
grown in areas with more
rain. Transhumance
occurs where growing
crops is difficult.
2nd Agricultural Rev.
1750-1900 – farming becomes more
mechanized
– Can farm more land with less people
– The “extra” people move to the city
(increased urbanization)
– before the Industrial Rev.
Increased productivity
More food with less farmers
2nd Agricultural Rev.
Esther Boserup - agric. output
depends on the pop. - AntiMalthusian
– Basic idea: As population increases,
we become more creative/productive
with farming
– 5 stages of intensification of farmland
• 1. forest fallow, 2. bush fallow 3. short
fallow 4. annual cropping 5. multicropping
(intertillage)
Crop Rotation
Green (3rd) Revolution
Invention and quick diffusion of
agricultural techniques during
1960’s-80’s
Main techniques
NOT
– Genetic Engineering
• Higher-yield seeds – Norman Borlaug
• Drought/disease resistance
• Quicker growing season (doublecropping)
– Expanded use of fertilizers
Need tractors, irrigation pumps &
other machinery to take full
advantage
Replaced older grains and beans
for rice and wheat
BUT
Green Revolution
Pick One:
– straight forward videos
• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-thegreen-revolution-definition-benefits-and-issues.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg9-HTtgFOk
– Short reading
• http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/greenrevolution.htm
–
The Third Agricultural
Revolution: 3 Phases
Mechanization,
chemical farming with synthetic
fertilizers, and
globally widespread food
manufacturing
Less variety, more
cash crops
What long-term
effects will this
have?
Mechanization
Replacement of human labor
with machines
Tractors, combines, reapers,
pickers, since late 1800’s
Chemical Farming
Application of synthetic
fertilizers to the soil
Also herbicides, fungicides, and
pesticides
Important environmental impact
Food Manufacturing
Adding economic value to
agricultural products through a
range of treatments
Processing, canning, refining,
packing, packaging
The Third Agricultural
Revolution
The Green Revolution
Began in the 1960s
Scientists created IR36—an
“artificial” rice plant
By 1992 IR36 was the
most widely grown
crop on Earth
The Green Revolution
New high-yield hybrid varieties of
wheat and corn were developed and
diffused
Disastrous famines of the past have
been avoided
Asia saw a two-thirds increase in
rice production
Acreage and Yield Trends
Acreage and Yield Trends
Acreage and Yield Trends
Negatives of the Green
Revolution
New hybrids required use of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Can lead to reduction of organic
matter in the soil
Many small-scale
farmers lack resources
to acquire these
chemicals and the seed
Blue Revolution
New technology (motorized boats,
processing technology, etc.) affecting
fisheries …
Aquaculture – the growing of aquatic
creatures in ponds on shore or in pens
suspended in water
Agribusiness
– is when agricultural activities are integrated
into the food production industry, so farmers
have close ties with other businesses.
– They do this through the use of modern
communication and information technology.
Industrial agriculture
– is sometimes called factory farming because
it more closely resembles manufacturing than
farming.
– Crops and livestock are standardized so that
growing time is minimized, but yields and
therefore profits are maximized.
– The standard size allows for mechanization
of processing at large scale (mass
production) using assembly line concepts
(reducing labor as well).
– This is particularly true for poultry production
which is no longer closely tied to the land.
or
Industrial agriculture refers to how the
crops and animals are raised (like a
factory...therefore they are called
factory farms).
Agribusiness refers to the structure of
the farming industry or sometimes
called corporate farming.
Debt – for – Nature Swap
The concept of debt-for-nature swaps
was first conceived by Thomas Lovejoy
of the World Wildlife Fund in 1984 as
an opportunity to deal with the
problems of developing-nation
indebtedness and its consequent
deleterious effect on the environment