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Computer Tools
The Internet
History of the Internet
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The Internet is a worldwide network of
computers that allows electronic
communication with each other by sending
data packets back and forth
Been under development since 1960
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Department of Defense interest
End of 1969, machines at University of
California at Santa Barbara, Stanford
Research Institute, University of Southern
California, and University of Utah connected
History of the Internet
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Internet applications developed in
1970s are still used today
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Telnet program
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Connects one computer to another through a
network
Allows a user on a local computer to remotely
log into and use another computer at a different
location
Terms of the Internet
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Protocols - Used to move data from one
location to another across the network and
verify data transfer was successful
Packets - Data are sent
Internet Protocol (IP) - The packet arriving at
one destination is identical to the one sent
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Companion to IP, sending and receiving TCP
ensure all packets that make up a data
transfer arrive at the receiving location
Terms of the Internet
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Internet IP addresses
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Established in the 1970s
Assigned a 32-bit address by Network Information
Center
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Series of 4 8-bit numbers
Purdue University IP addresses
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128.46.xxx.yyy
 xxx and yyy - numbers between 0 and 255
1980’s saw corporations beginning to connect
to the Internet
Terms of the Internet
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Domain Naming Service
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Internet Service Providers
(ISP)
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Easier naming of hosts
(servers)
America Online
Made Internet mainstream
in 1990’s
Browser - software that
allows to access and
navigate the Internet
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Netscape Navigator and
Microsoft Internet Explorer
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Top-Level Domain
Names
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edu - U.S. Educational
gov - U.S. Govt
com - U.S. Commercial
mil - U.S. Miltary
org - Non-profit
Organization
net - Network
xx (fr, uk) - Two-Letter
Country Code (France,
United Kingdom)
Searching the Web
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URL - Universal Resource Locator
URL has 2 primary components
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Protocol
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Means for transferring information
Internet Address
HTTP - Hypertext Transport Protocol
HTML - HyperText Markup Language
Searching the Web
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Hyperlink - Connects
two pages of
information
WWW - World Wide
Web
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The Web, not to be
confused with the
Internet
Search Engine matches user-specified
words with entries in the
search engine’s
database
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Example Search
Engines
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Yahoo!
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Excite
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www.excite.com
Lycos
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www.yahoo.com
www.lycos.com
Google
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www.google.com
Homepages
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Web pages developed by users that contain
information about topics of interest to the user
and often includes links
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A personal reason for creating your own
home page is to make available your resume
and samples of your work to all Web users
HTML code
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>FOODS BLOCK LIBRARY-BASIC ABSTRACT</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF”>
<H1>A Computer-Aided Food Process Design Tool for Industry, Research, &
Education</H1>
<H2>Heidi A. Diefes, Ph.D.</H2>
<H2><I>Presented at the Food Science Graduate Seminar<BR>
Cornell University, Fall 1998</I></H2>
<HR ALIGN=LEFT NOSHADE SIZE=5 WIDTH=50%>
<P>
There is a great…
<P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
HTML Code
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A composer may be
used to generate the
code
Many word
processors and
desktop publishers
have the ability to
save the document
in HTML code
Libraries and Databases on
the Internet
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Not all information is made accessible
on the Internet
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Internet can be used to locate the
information
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Universities and libraries maintain online
catalogs and links to electronic databases
Contacting People through the
Internet via E-mail
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Electronic mail (e-mail)
Exchanged via the Internet using Simple Mail
Transport Protocol (SMTP)
New standard under development
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Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME)
Two things required to send e-mail
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e-mail package
e-mail address
e-mail package
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PC and Macintosh users might use
PEGASUS or Eudora
UNIX might use PINE or ELM
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and web
browsers provide their own email tools
Functions
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Ability to send email, receive mail, reply to mail,
forward mail, save mail to a file, and delete
e-mail address
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All e-mail users assigned unique
address
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[email protected]
Method of locating unknown email
addresses is by a people-finding site
Typical Requirements and
Optional Components
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To: [email protected] or alias
cc: [email protected] or alias
(optional)
Attachments: files to be appended to the
main e-mail message (optional)
Subject: brief description of the message
contents
Message: Actual text of the message
Words of Warning
about the Internet
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Common sense and
intuition are needed to
determine validity of
material found on the Web
Cautions against
plagiarizing
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Always cite your sites!
Computer viruses can be
sent through executable
files (.exe)
Only download .exe from
sites you trust
Word Processing Programs
Word Processing Programs
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Most basic function is to create and edit text
Developed in the 1980s
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Extent of abilities included entering, deleting, copying, and
moving text
Text style limited to bold, italic, underline and text formats
were few
Microsoft Word, Corel WordPerfect, and Adobe
FrameMaker have features useful to engineers
Equation, drawing, and table editors are features
which make the mechanics of technical writing
relatively easy
Components for Word
Processors
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Title Bar
Menu Bar
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File, Edit, and Help
Scroll and Status
Bars
Workspace
http://www.highlogic.com/manual/index.html?testandinstallthefont.html
Documenting
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Ongoing process needed to return to
time and again
Record steps
Write memos, official letters, prepare
experimental reports, technical
documents, and non-technical papers
Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets
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Origin in finance
VisiCalc
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Developed in 1978 by a Harvard Business School
student frustrated with the repetitive financialproblems
Written for Apple II
IBM released own version in 1981
Lotus 1-2-3
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Released in 1983 and still used today
Other Spreadsheet Packages
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Microsoft Excel
Corel Quattro Pro
for PC
Xess for UNIX
Spreadsheets have
over 200 different
functions they can
perform
Xess for UNIX
http://www.ais.com/Xess/welcome.html
Common Features
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Rectangular grid with thousands of rows and
columns
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Each cell has a column-row address
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Columns labeled alphabetically
(A,B,C,…AA,BB,…)
Rows labeled numerically (1,2,3,…)
Cell is grid space where a column and row meet
Cells can perform simple and complex tasks
individually or as a group with other cells
Common Features
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Formatting features
Editing features
Built-in functions
Data manipulation capabilities
Graphing features
Macro
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A series of statements that perform a
desired task
Advanced Spreadsheet
Functions
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A database is a collection of data that is
stored in a structured manner that
makes retrieval and manipulation of
information easy
Real-time data collection
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Data and commands can be received and
sent to other applications or computers
Mathematics Software
Introduction
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Mathematical
modeling is large
part of design
process
MATLAB
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A scientific and
technical computing
environment
Developed in 1970s by
University of Mexico
and Stanford University
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Used in matrix theory,
linear algebra, and
numerical analysis
Matrix math is basis for
MATLAB
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MATrix LABoratory
http://www.wfu.edu/~yipcw/WFUcmp98/content/phy.html
MATLAB
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Enables the user to manage variables,
import and export data, perform
calculations, generate plots, and
develop and manage files
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Has built-in editor/debugger that
resembles a very simple word
processor
MATLAB
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Maintains, and periodically adds, toolboxes
that are groups of specialized built-in
functions
Symbolic Math Toolbox
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Enables symbolic computations based on Maple
(Next Section)
SIMULINK
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Graphical environment for simulation and dynamic
modeling
MathCad and Maple
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Graphical user interface-based
mathematics packages
What user sees on screen will be
printed
Mathematical equations symbolically
typed into workspace
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Unrestrictive workspace
Presentation Software
PowerPoint
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Five different viewing windows
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Slide view
Outline view
Slide sorter view
Notes page view
Slide show view
PowerPoint
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Number of features that help users put
together professional looking
presentations
Templates
Clip Art
Animation
Sound and Video Clips
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With the proper computer hardware
Operating Systems
Operating System
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Group of programs that manage the
operation of a computer
Interface between computer hardware,
software and the user
UNIX (originally from AT&T Laboratories)
MS-DOS (Microsoft Corporation)
Microsoft’s Windows family (95, 98, NT)
Apple OS (Macintosh Computers)
Programming Languages
Introduction
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Programming Languages enables users to
communicate with the computer
Computer operates using machine language binary code
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Series of 0’s and 1’s
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01110101010111000010001010101110
Assembly language - cryptic symbolic code that
corresponds 1-to-1 with machine language
FORTRAN - closely resembles English (1957)
Computer only understands binary code
Program
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Written to tell computer how to complete a
specific task
Consists of lines of code (instructions) written
in specific programming language
May execute the code if computer does not
detect a problem
Must debug (fix) if you or the computer are
unhappy with the code and results
Programming Languages Used
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Procedural Languages
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Use a fetch-decode-execute paradigm
FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, and C
Object-Oriented Languages
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Treat data , and routines that act on data, as
single objects or data structures
Reusable software components
C++(C plus plus) and Java
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Two types in Java
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Applications
Applets
Advanced Engineering
Packages
Aspen Plus
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Software for the study of processes with
continuous flow material and energy
Encountered in chemical, petroleum,
food, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical,
and biotechnology industries
Chemical, food process, and bioprocess
engineers typical users
Sequence of Steps in
Aspen Plus
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Define the problem
Select a unit system (SI or English)
Specify the stream components
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Specify the physical property models
Select unit operation blocks
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nitrogen, methane, steam, etc
heat exchanger, distillation column, etc
Define the composition and flow rates of feed streams
Specify operating conditions
Impose design specifications
Perform a case study or sensitivity analysis on entire
process
GIS Products
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Geographical Information Systems
Civil, agricultural, and environmental
and natural resource engineers
Purpose of these tools is to link
geographic information with spatial data
Enable visualization of data through
mapping capabilities
Visual Instrumentation
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Engineers in all disciplines have occasions
that require them to acquire and analyze data
LabVIEW
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Allows users to create a virtual instrument on
personal computers
Graphical programming development environment
based on C programming language for data
acquisition and control, data analysis, and data
presentation
Finite Element Tools
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Take the geometry of a system and break it
into small elements or pieces
Engineers who work with mechanical or
structural components
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Aeronautical, agricultural, biomedical, civil, and
mechanical engineers
Testing on a computer is cost-effective and
efficient
ANSYS is the commonly used tool
Steps in Using Finite
Element Tools
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Separate the physical component into a
mesh
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Defines the physical boundaries of the
elements
Properties of the elements defined
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Represent the material engineer is
modeling
Initial conditions like temperature and loads
must be defined
Conclusion
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Microprocessors
continue to increase
speed
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Intel’s 8008 First Microprocessor
1972 processor
Today’s processor
Computers you use a
senior engineer could
be a million times faster
than the ones you use
now
Engineers should learn
to use a variety of tools
http://www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/spring00/V22.0004002/history/8008.html