Transcript Information and communication technology

Information and communication
technology
Abhishek S Arackal
Generations
First generation
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1940 – 56s
Vacuum tubes
Relied on machine language
Input on punch cards and paper tapes and
output on print out
• Eg:- UNIVAC and ENIAC
• expensive
Second generation
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1956 - 63
Transistor
Smaller and cheaper
Moved from binary to assembly language
Eg:- IBM 7094, IBM 1400 series
Third generation
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1964 - 71
Integrated circuits
Used keyboards and monitors
Eg:- IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108
Fourth generation
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1971 - 2010
Microprocessor
No air conditioning is required
All types of high level languages can be used
Eg:- Apple Macintosh and IBM PC
Fifth generation
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2010 –
Artificial intelligence
Understand natural human language
Can respond
Inventions
• Vacuum tubes –
John A Fleming
• Transistor –
William Shockly, John Bardeen,Walter H Brattain
• ICs –
Jack kilby, Robert Noyce
• Microprocessor –
Marcian E Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor
Types of computer
Based on Principles
1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Hybrid
Analog
• Works on a continuous range of value
• Deals with physical values like voltage,
pressure, temperature etc
• Father – Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)
Digital
• Uses Binary Number system
• Only two digits 0 and 1
• Each 1 is called a bit
Hybrid
• Combination of both
• Best used in hospital
• Eg:- measuring heart beat
Based on configuration
1. Super
2. Main frame
3. Mini
4. Micro
Super
• Expensive and fast
• Weather forecasting, nuclear science,
aerodynamic modeling, seismology etc
• Companies which produced Super computers
are Cray, IBM and Hewlett Packard.
• Indian – EKA, PARAM, SAGA 220 Aaditya
• First company introduced – Control Data Corp
• Saga 220 - ISRO
• Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparove at chess
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First super – Cary 1– 1960
First Indian – PARAM 8000
Fastest - Tianhe II
Fastest Indian – PARAM YUVA II
• Father of super computer – Seymour Cray
• Father of Indian Super – Vijay Bhatkar
Main frame
• Process data at a very high speed
• 100s of millions instructions per second
• Banking, Airlines, Railways etc
Mini
• Lower to mainframe
• Less expensive
Micro
• It is single chip CPU
• Types are
desktop
laptop
handheld devices
• First Micro – Apple II
• First Mini – PDP 8
• First Super – Cray 1
Computer Organisation
• CPU
• MEMORY
• INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS
CPU
• Interprets and carries out instructions
• Brain of computer
• 3 components
ALU + Control Unit + REGISTER
1. ALU – Mathematical and Logical operations
2. CU – fetch programs and control flow of
data
3. REGISTER – high speed storage areas in CPU
Memory Unit
• Store instructions and data
• Internal and External memory
• Internal – RAM, ROM
• External – secondary , teritiary
RAM
• Random Access Memory
• Short term memory
• Volatile – only as long as computer has
power
• Static RAM and Dynamic RAM
ROM
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Read Only Memory
Called as Firmware
Non-Volatile
CACHE – memory used for fast processing
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Memory Measurement
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8 bit – 1 byte
1024 byte – 1 kilobytes
1024 kilobyte – 1 megabytes
1024 megabytes – 1 gigabyte
1024 gigabyte – 1 terabyte
1024 terabyte – 1 petabyte
External
• Permanent storage of large data
• Secondary : needs to be used again and again
• example: harddisks, usb, flash drives, cds
dvds, memory cards, etc
• Teritiary : store information that is needed
occasionally for review purpose or for
restoring information after a system failure.
• Example : magnetic tapes, network server,
optical disk
Input Output devices
• Input – supply information
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Keyboard
Mouse – pointing device only
Joystick – pointing device, in CAD and games
Light pen – pointing device,
to draw picture on monitor
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Track ball – used in laptop instead of mouse
Scanner – paper to harddisk
Digitizer – analog information into digital form
Magnetic Ink Character Reader MICR –
Used in banks, bank code and
cheques with magnetic material inks
• Optical Character Reader OCR –
to read a printed text, scans text
optically character by character and converts
into a machine readable code
• Bar Code Reader – reading bar coded data
converts into alpha numeric values
• Optical Mark Reader –
recognize the type of mark by pen/pencil
checking answer sheets
Output Devices
• Monitors and printers commonly
• Speakers and headphones
GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service is a wireless
communication
• For sending emails, web browsing
Bluetooth
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Short range wireless
Temporarily link between devices
Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994
Managed by Bluetooth special interest group
( SIG)
languages
languages
Low level
machine
0s and 1s
High level
assembly
Machine independent
mnemonics
Fortran,
java, c++
Language and developers
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Basic – Thomas Kurtz
PASCAL – Nikalaus Wirth
C – Dennis Ritche
C++ - Bjarne Stroustrup
JAVA – James Gosling
COBOL – Grace Murray Hopper
FORTRAN – John Backus
software
software
System
application
OS
Android,
windows,
Linux
Utility
Copy, paste,
searching
Microsoft office,
web browser
Translator software
translator
compiler
Scans entire programs
first, then translate to
machine
interpreter
Translating high level
to machine
assembler
Assembly into
machine
UPS
• Uninterrupted power supply
• Power back up using a charging battery
windows
• It’s a GUI
• Owned by microsoft
• Its easier than DOS
UNIX
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Used in servers, workstations, mobile devices
Developed by AT & T Bells lab
By Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie
C language also by AT&T
UNIX – one of the first OS in high level
language, namely C.
LINUX
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Open source, free software
Linux Torvalds
Mascot – Tux the Penguin
Released in 5th oct 1991
Latest version – Linux Kernal 3.19, feb 2015
DOS
• First widely installed OS
• IBM and Microsoft version
• Non-graphical command oriented
WiFi and LiFi
• Wireless Fidelity
• Light Fidelity – LED used here
Microprocessor
• First – INTEL 4004
• First in PCs – INTEL 8080
• Largest manufacturer – INTEL
Storage Capacity
• CD – 700 MB
• DVD – 4.7 GB
• Floppy Disk – 1.44 MB
Number System
binary
Hexa
Decimal
Number
System
octal
decimal
Networking
Network
LAN
local
MAN
WAN
metropolitan
wide
Cable TV
network
National,
International
PAN
personal
• Router – connector
• ARPANET –
first operational packet switching network
by Massachusetts Institute of technology
WLAN – Wireless LAN
Protocol
protocol
TCP/IP
communication
FTP
Transfer
computer files
SMTP
Email transfer
HTTP
Data over WWW
Telnet
Connect remote
computer
• TCP/IP –
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
protocol
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
IP Address
• Numerical label assigned to each devices
• IPv4 – 32 bit
eg: 172.16.254.1
IPv6 – 128 bit, developed in 1995
eg: 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1
Motto
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Don’t be Evil – Google
Applying Thought – Wipro
Your potential, Our Passion – Microsoft
Be What’s Next – Microsoft (new)
Power by Intellect, Driven by values - Infosys
Internet
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Host – each internet computer
Internet Explorer – browsing software by MS
Intranet – restricted version in internet
Extranet –
closed online connecting organization
WWW
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World Wide Web
Web Portal – gateway website to internet
ISP – internet service provider
HTML – browser can read websites in this
language, Hyper Text Markup Language
• Home Page – first page of website
• Surfing – visiting websites
• Epic – first Indian web browser
2010 July 15
Hidden Reflex, Bangalore
• URL – Uniform Resource Locator
address that identifies a website
Date and Day
• World Computer Literacy – Dec 2
• National Internet Safety – Feb 16
• International Internet Safety – Nov 30
Illegal Practices
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Hacking – unauthorized use of computer
Spamming – sending unauthenticated emails
Phishing – email fraud method
Vishing – voice and phishing
IP telephonic version of phishing
• Email spoofing – forgery of an email head
• Malware – software used to damage computer
virus, worm, Trojan horse
• VIRUS – Vital Information Resources Under Siege
• First virus – creeper in ARPANET
• First personal computer virus – Elk Cloner
• First virus infected Microsoft OS – Brain
in 1986 by Farooq brothers
• First mobile virus - Cabir
• WORM –
stand alone malware that replicate
• TROJAN –
Non self replicating malware
• Anti Virus –
K7, McAfee, Kaspersky lab, AVG, Norton
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First computer graphics used in film– TRON (1982)
First internet movie – Heart Beat
First film uses morphing – Willow
First computer magazine –
“computer and automation”, by Edmund
Berkely
• First real time computer – Whirlwind
• First computer animated news reader –
ANANOVA (Russia)
fathers
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Computer – Charles Babbage
Computer Science – Alan Turing
Internet – Vinton Cerf
IT – Claud Shawn
Indian IT – Rajeev Gandhi
Super computer – Seymour Cray
Video games – Ralph Baer
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Indian Super computer – Vijay Bhatkar
Free software - Richard Stallman
Linux – Linus Torwalds
Mobile phone – Martin cooper
Wikipedia – Jimmy wales
WWW – Tim Bernes Lee
Portable computer – Adam Osborne
ASCII code – Bob Bemer
Email – Ray Tomilson
Inventors
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Google – Larry page and Sergey Brin
Facebook – Mark Zucker Berg
Yahoo – Jerri Yong, David Filo
Twitter – Jack Dorsey
Devices
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Mouse – Douglas Engelbart
Keyboard – Christopher Sholes
CD – James T Russel
Floppy Disk – Alan Shugart
Miscellaneous
Internet Security
CIA
Confidentiality
Data not
accessed by
hackers
Integrity
Data not altered
by hackers
Availability
Authorized user
can access
Data
security
Encrypt
Cipher text
Decrypt
Plain text
Cyber Laws
• IT act 2000
• Offence is investigated by a police officer not
below the rank of the Inspector
offences
• Email bombing – large number of mails to victim
• Web Jacking – gains access and control over
sites
• Pornography
• Online gambling
• Trafficking
• Email spoofing
• Forgery
Section 43
Access, downloading,
virus
Section 65
Tampering data
Section 66
IT act
Section 67
Section 71
Hacking
Publishing obscene
matters
Penalty for misrepresentation
Section 72
Breach of privacy
Section 73
Penalty for false electronic
signature certificate
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Section 43 – fine up to 1cr
Section 66 – imprisonment 3 years or 5 lakh
Section 67 – 3 year and 10 lakh
Section 71 – 2 year or fine 1 lakh
Section 72 – 2 year or fine 1 lakh
Section 73 – 2-5 year or 1 lakh
Some crimes under IPC
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Web Jacking – section 373 IPC
Cyber Fraud – section 420 IPC
Email Spoofing – section 465, 419 IPC
Sending defamatory message – section 499
IPC
• Threatening message – section 506 IPC
• Act administered by CERT
• Appeal lies to Cyber Appellate Tribunal
first in New Delhi in 2006
• Now its called CRAT (cyber regulation A T)
• Headed by a presiding officer – high court
judge
• First officer – Justice R C JAIN
• First cyber police station - Bangalore
ooho07
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