Transcript Towards Wireless Overlay Network Architectures

Random Thoughts
on the Evolution of the Internet
Randy H. Katz
CS Division, EECS Department
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
1
What is the Internet?
“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol Stack”
Applications
• Applications
– Web
– Email
– Video/Audio
“Narrow
Waist”
• TCP/IP
• Access Technologies
Access
Technologies
– Ethernet (LAN)
– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,
Cellular)
– Cable
– ADSL
– Satellite
2
Evolution of the Computer
First Color TV
Broadcast, 1953
Telephone,
1876
HBO Launched,
1972
Interactive TV,
1990
Early Wireless
Phones, 1978
Computer First PC
+ Modem
Altair,
1957
1974
IBM
PC,
1981
Handheld Portable
Phones, 1990
Apple
Apple
IBM
Mac, Powerbook, Thinkpad,
1984
1990
1992
Pentium
PC, 1993
Apple
Newton,
1993
Eniac, 1947
HP
Palmtop,
1991
Red Herring, 10/99
3
Evolution of the Computer
Atari Home
Pong, 1972
Convergence, Competition, Divergence
in Computing and Communications
Pentium
PC, 1993
Network
Computer,
1996
Free
PC, 1999
Sega
Dreamcast,
1999
Internet-enabled
Smart Phones,
1999
Pentium II
PC, 1997
Apple
iMac, 1998
Palm VII
PDA, 1999
Red Herring, 10/99
4
Internet Evolution
From www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.html
5
Internet Evolution
ARPANet
SATNet
PRNet
1965
TCP/IP
1975
Web Hosting
Multiple ISPs
Internet2 Backbone
Internet Exchanges
NSFNet
Deregulation & ISP
Commercialization ASP
AIP
WWW
1985
1995
2005
Application Hosting
ASP: Application Service Provider
AIP: Application Infrastructure
Provider (e-commerce tookit, etc.)
6
NSFNet
• 1985-1995: NSF supported network backbone
– 1st Generation (1985): 56 kbps backbone/LSI-11 routers, linking six
supercomputer centers
– 2nd Generation (1988): T1 backbone/IBM RTs linking key supercomputer
sites plus regional networks (BARRNet, MIDnet, NWNet, SESQUInet,
SURAnet, NYSERnet, JVNCnet
– 3rd Generation (1991):
» T3/RS6000 upgrade; NEARnet, SURAnet added
» Migration from SC Centers to MCI PoPs
– 1993: Commercialization plan; orderly phase out of NSF by April 1995
– 1994-1995: Commercialization, ISP connectivity
» Network Access Points: WorldComm/MAE-East (DC), MAE-West
(SiVal), PacBell SF; Sprint NY, Ameritech Chicago, ICS Big East
• 1995-1999: vBNS
• 1996-Present: Internet2
– 1998: Abilene backbone among gigaPoPs
7
Metropolitan Area Exchanges/
Network Access Points
Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tables
Tier 2 Connections: regional connection points
A MAE does not itself provide peering, just connection bandwidth to the colocated ISPs
8
vBNS Backbone
9
Qwest
Cisco
NorTel
CalREN-2 N
CalREN-2 S connections
DS-3, OC-3, OC-12 connections supported at gigaPoPs
10
Qwest’s IP Backbone (Late 1999)
11
UUNet
GTE Internetworking
PSI Networks
Digex
12
American ISPs, Ranked by
Number of Subscribers (6/99)
BellSouth
# Subscribers
Excite@Home
SBC/PacBell
Prodigy
Mindspring
Earthlink
17.6
0
1
Millions
2
3
AT&T Worldnet
MSN
CompuServe
AOL
13
Cisco View on Recent Evolution
• 1995
– Ethernet, FDDI, Hubs/routers, 10 X
• 1997
– Fast Ethernet, OC-3 ATM, Switch/router, 100X
• 1999
– Gbit Ethernet, OC-12/48 ATM, Gbit Multilayer switching, 1000X
• 2001
– 10 Gbit Ethernet, OC-192 ATM/PoS, Enterprise Gbit
Networking, 10000X
“The old world is about strings; the new world is
about clouds: distributed intelligence, no connection
set-up, bigger + cheaper, strings handled, intrinsic
reliability.”
14
Redback/Siara View on Next
Generation Network
• CoS-aware Network
– Policing, shaping, CoS marking, policy routing, statistics
gathering per flow
– Rules-based packet inspection
– Filtering and forwarding at the edge
– Sorting and queuing in the core
15
New Technologies/Services to
Enable Media Applications
“Radio on the Net”
Broadcast.com
CNN.com
Streaming audio/video
Entertainment sites
Multicast?
QoS/CoS?
Content-delivery Networks
(intelligent routing + replicated content +
service from closest/least congested location)
New Category: Infrastructure Technology Providers
-------
Media Servers (e.g., RealNetworks)
Transformation Services (e.g., ProxyNet)
Search Services (e.g., Inktomi)
Content Delivery Services (e.g., Sandpiper Networks)
Content Caches/Cache Management (e.g., Akamai, Inktomi)
Multicast Network Overlays (e.g., FFNetworks)
16
Cisco’s View of the
Levelization of the Internet
• Internet Commerce
– On-line product sales, fee-subscriber-based company, online ads, on-line travel providers
• Intermediary/Market Maker
– Market maker in v ertical industry, on-line travel agent,
brokerage, content-aggregator, portals/content providers,
Internet ad brokers
• Application Infrastructure
– Internet consultants, web server/Internet apps,
multimedia, web developer, search engine, training, web db
• Internet Infrastructure
– Internet backbone providers, ISPs, network hw/sw
companies, PC/server manufacturers, security vendors,
fiber optic makers, line acceleration hw manufacturer
17
Corio View of Service
Differentiation
• Applications Service Providers (ASPs)
– First Generation
» Hosting 1 or more specific solutions
– Second Generation
» Applications + business process integration
» E-business capability
» E-value chain capability
• Applications Intrastructure Provider (AIPs)
– Data Center capabilities and network management
capabilities to ASPs
• SUN “CPU tone” and EMC “Storage tone”
18
Siara View of Evolution of
Internet Infrastructure
• First Generation
– ILEC, IXC, cable operators, consumer/business/wholesale
– ISPs: narrow focus on traditional markets
• Second Generation
– Buy/build network for voice/data/cellular/paging/Internet
– “Networks within a network”
• Third Generation
–
–
–
–
–
–
Hybrid networks + feature richness
Internet/VPN/VoIP w/single IP connection
Per packet service statistics for SLAs and billing
Multiple service levels, customizable by user or application
Frame relay/ATM over IP
ASAP new feature configuration and dynamic flow b/w
adjustment
19
Siara View Continued
• Dynamic Service Delivery
– Accelerated new service develop and enhancement,
enabled by network programmability
– Rapid service provisioning/configuration via software
driven
– Intelligent service routing: CoS network awareness
» Self-adjustment via signaling, routing, switching
– Near-zero incremental delivery costs
20
Emerging Internet Service
Business Model
Applications
(Portals, E-Commerce,
E-Tainment, Media)
Appl Infrastructure Services
(Distribution, Caching,
Searching, Hosting)
AIP
ISV
Application-specific Servers
(Streaming Media, Transformation)
ASP
Internet
Data Centers
ISP
CLEC
Application-specific
Overlay Networks
(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)
Global Packet Network
Internetworking
(Connectivity)
21
Next Generation Internet
Infrastructure and Applications
• ASP Infrastructure Tools
– Web Applications Servers
» Bluestone, Netscape, Silver Stream, Sun Microsystems
– Intira, Xevo, Verio, Eality, Corio, Marimba. WebSpective
– Servers: Cacheflow, Infolibria, Lucent WebCache
– Cache Appliances
» Cisco Cache Engine, Entera Tera Node, Net Appliance NetCache
– Prepacked Servers
» Cobalt CacheQube, Eolian InfoStore, PacketStorm WebSpeed
– Cache Products: Microsoft ProxyServer
– Cache Service Providers
» Akamai, Digital Island, Mirror Image, Sandpiper, Skycache
– Alteon: machine room gigabit infrastructure
– Spyglass: Prism transformer/cache manager
– Redback Networks/Siara Systems: CoS-aware network
22
Internet Business Exchanges (IBXs)
“Equinix Gets $280 Million to Build on
In one of the largest financings of an Internet infrastructure
company, Equinix Inc. of Redwood City will announce today
that it has raised $280 million.
Unlike other companies that are building the information
superhighway, Equinix does not make computer servers,
routers, switches or other hardware or software.
Rather, it builds secure and sophisticated buildings around the
world where phone companies, Internet service and content
providers can keep and connect their gear.
…”
SF Chronicle, 1 Dec 99
23
Example: AboveNet
Global Exchange
with One-Hop
Access to the
Backbone
ISPs and content
providers in centralized facility
Direct-route backbone
connectivity
Instant scalability and
b/w exceeding 24.7
Gbps. 301 peering
agreements
24
AboveNet’s One Hop Global Network
25
Example: Exodus Networks
“Internet Data Centers”
multiple high-speed
OC-3/OC-12 lines
between IDCs
Multiple public and private
network interconnects
26
Example: SkyCache
“Broadcast Overlay Network”
• Satellite-based broadcast overlay network to
improve movement of Internet information
– World Wide Web content
– Usenet News
– Audio/video streaming media
– Web site replication
• Advantages
– Reduce router to router "hops" and packet loss
– Eliminate ISP Internet clogs during peak traffic or one-time
event spikes
– Unlimited reach beyond current fiber deployment
– High quality streamed content & high volume data transmission
27
Example: Akamai
“Content Delivery Network”
Number of Servers 1700
Number of Networks 100
Number of Countries 30
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