Transcript Twisted Pair

2
Network Media—
Copper Core Cable
Grades
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Labs
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Network Media
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Analog and Digital Signals
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
Analog signal—electronic signal that varies in
values
Series of slopes
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Analog and Digital Signals


Digital signal—electronic signal that has discrete
values.
Rises and falls sharply at right angles; on and off,
high and low
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Frequency

How electronic signals are measured
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Attenuation

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Loss of signal strength
All signals degenerate, lose amplitude
Amplitude - The maximum voltage of electronic
signal
Amplitude can be increased
with an amplifier
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Latency


Amount of time it takes for signal to travel from
source to destination
If latency exceeds its Time to Live (TTL), it will be
removed from network
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Data Transmission



Bandwidth - measurement of the network media’s
ability to carry data.
Higher bandwidth = more data carried
Measured in hertz (Hz)
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Interference



Undesired electromagnetic signal, distorts
Can be picked up from motors, fluorescent lights,
transformers…
“noise”
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Interference


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Crosstalk
Interference from neighboring conductors
inside the wire’s jacket
Unwanted signals need to be removed, or filtered
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Crosstalk Measurements
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Measured in decibels (dB)
A unit of measurement that expresses the
relationship of power between two forces
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
A measurement of reflected loss at the near end
or input end of a cable.
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
A measurement of reflected loss at the far end or
out put end of a cable
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Crosstalk Measurements

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
Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)
A measurement calculated by measuring the
effects of attenuation from the far end crosstalk
measurement
Alien Crosstalk (AXT)
A measurement of noise introduced outside the
cable jacket, typically caused by other network
cables in close proximity.
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Index Cards
1. Draw a large plus on one side, a large minus on the other
2. + side: write down the term you understand best. Explain in your
own words what this term consists of.
3. – side: write down term you feel unclear about and questions you
have about it
4. Share your plus and minus with 2-3 classmates
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Data Transmission

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Baseband—One digital signal
Data that is transmitted in digital signal using
the entire bandwith of cable
Broadband—Multiple analog signals
Transmitting data in the form of analog signals
at the same time.
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Data Transmission

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Simplex—One direction Communication
Example: Television station to television
Full-duplex—Bi-directional and simultaneous
communication between two devices.
Example: Communication via telephone
Half-duplex— Bi-directional communication that
can only occur one direction at a time.
Example: Communication via Walkie-talkie
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Data Transmission (Cont.)
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Direct and Alternating Current


Alternating current alternates between negative
and positive charge
Direct current is in one steady direction
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Resistance and Impedance
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The longer the conductor, the greater the
resistance (DC) and impedance (AC)
Impedance increases as frequency increases
Impedance decreases quality of data
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Reflected Loss


Transmitted in full-duplex mode
Great amounts can disrupt communication
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Crosstalk
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Type of interference
Occurs when one pair of conductors imposes a
signal on another pair of parallel conductors
Created by magnetic induction
An electrical phenomenon of current jumping
from one conductor to another
Network conductors, such as twisted pair, limit the
effects by reducing contact between conductors
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Copper Core Cable

AWG rating Describes the conductors diameter
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Plenum-Rated Copper Core Cable
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Coaxial Cable
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Coaxial Connectors
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Coaxial Cable Classifications
Cable
Common
Name
Impedance
Actual Size in
Diameter
Description
RG-6
Broadband
75 Ω
0.332
Used for Cable TV.
RG-8
Thicknet
50 Ω
0.405
Used for Ethernet networks.
RG-11
Thick Coax
75 Ω
0.475
Used for Cable TV trunk lines.
RG-58
Thinnet
50 Ω
0.195
Used for Ethernet networks.
RG-59
CATV
75 Ω
0.242
Used for Cable TV and
sometimes ARCnet.
RG-62
Baseband
93 Ω
0.249
Used for ARCnet.
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Twisted Pair
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Consists of four pairs of twisted conductors
First introduced by telephone company
Seven categories
Classified as UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and
STP (shielded twisted pair)
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UTP Cable
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Twisted Pair Categories
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Twisted Pair Categories (Cont.)
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IEEE 802.3 Classifications
Category Classification Data Rate
10 Mbps
Fast
Ethernet
Gigabit
Ethernet
Maximum Minimum Cable Type
Segment Segment
Length
Length
Topology
10Base2
10 Mbps
185 m
0.5 m
RG-58
Bus
10Base5
10 Mbps
500 m
2.5 m
RG-8
Bus
10BaseT
10 Mbps
100 m
0.6 m
Category 3,
4, and 5
Star
100BaseT4
100 Mbps
100 m
0.6 m
Category 3,
4, and 5
Star
100BaseTX
100 Mbps
100 m
0.6 m
Category 5
Star
1000BaseCX
1000
Mbps
25 m
0.6 m
Category 5
Star
100BaseT
1000
Mbps
100 m
0.6 m
Category 5e
Star
10GBaseT
10 Gbps
55 m
0.6 m
Category 6
Star
10GBaseT
10 Gbps
100 m
0.6 m
Category 6a
Star
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Terminating Resistor

Must be electrically grounded at one end to
prevent interference
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10BaseT 100-Meter Rule


The 100-meter length ensures that the cable on
the network should not exceed 100 meters
Repeater may be used to extend distance
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Hub Daisy-Chain Configuration
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Hub Cascade Configuration
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IEEE 802.3 Media Access
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CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection) ensures data delivery
Workstation listens for traffic on network
When network is silent, workstation transmits data
If another workstation transmits data at same
time, collision occurs
Both workstations wait before retransmitting
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IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections
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

568A and 568B—Main twisted pair cable
termination standards
Straight-through and crossover—Common
classifications of assembly
Automatic Medium Dependent Interface
Crossover (Auto-MDIX)—New standard
introduced by HP
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IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections
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RJ-45 Connector


Contains eight pins inside plastic housing
Conductor pairs are untwisted so that each conductor can
be inserted into one of the pin areas
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Rollover Cable


Uses an RJ-45 connector on each cable end
Cisco rollover cable uses an RJ-45 on one end
and a DB-9 serial cable on the other
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Applied Networking
What would happen if you used a crossover cable
to connect access port 2X to a workstation?
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Applied Networking
On the hub shown, the cable connected to the
Uplink port is a straight-through cable. If you were
connecting this hub to another hub, would you
connect the cable to the other hub’s Uplink port or
to one of its access ports?
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Applied Networking
You have added a third workstation and a hub to
an existing network of two workstations. The
original workstations were connected to each
other via a crossover cable. For all three
workstations to communicate, you have
connected them to the hub. However, when the
network is running, you notice that a light above
one of the access ports on the hub is lit red. What
could be the problem?
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Power over Ethernet (PoE)



Cable used must be Cat 5 or better
Two pairs of cables used for network
communication, one pair used for electrical power
Common PoE application is building and area
security when electrical power is not available
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IEEE 802.5



Describes Token Ring networks
Uses the token passing media access method
Configured in a ring topology
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Token Ring Network Using Twisted Pair Cable
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Wiring Faults

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

Data cannot reach its destination
Short
Open
Ground
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Twisted Pair Wiring Fault




Common problems that can occur when installing
connectors on twisted pair cables
Reversed pair
Crossed pair
Split pair
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Applied Networking
An analog signal produces 1000 cycles per
second. What is the frequency of this signal?
1000
cycles per
second
1 second
Frequency
(Hz)
1000
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Review
A digital signal produces 200 cycles per
second. What is the frequency of this signal?
200 cycles
per
second
1 second
Frequency
(Hz)
200
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Review
Name three cable-based media types.
Coaxial cable
Twisted pair cable
Fiber-optic cable
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Review
Which of the following electronic signals are
used by wireless devices?
A. Electrical energy
B. Infrared
C. Light waves
D. Microwave
E. Radio waves
B, D, and E
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Review
Which of the following describes a digital
signal?
A. A discrete value that is either on or off
B. A series of slopes
C. Rises and falls sharply at right angles
D. 0 volts or 5 volts
E. Varies in value
A, C, D
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Review
For a 10 Gigabyte Ethernet network that you
anticipate having a maximum segment length
of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type
will you use?
A. Cat 5
B. Cat 5e
C. Cat 6
D. Cat 6a
D. Cat 6a
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Review
For a gigabyte Ethernet network that you
anticipate having a maximum segment length
of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type
will you use?
A. Cat 5
B. Cat 5e
C. Cat 6
D. Cat 6a
B. Cat 5e
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Review
The opposition to direct current is _____.
A. Crosstalk
B. Impedance
C. Reflected loss
D. Resistance
D. Resistance
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Review
The opposition to alternating current is
_____.
A. Crosstalk
B. Impedance
C. Reflected loss
D. Resistance
B. Impedance
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Review
The amount of signal reflected from the end
of a cable is _____.
A. Crosstalk
B. Impedance
C. Reflected loss
D. Resistance
C. Reflected loss
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Review
Interference that comes from neighboring
conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket is
called _____.
A. Crosstalk
B. Impedance
C. Reflected loss
D. Resistance
A. Crosstalk
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Review
To add a workstation to an existing
100BaseTX Ethernet network, which twisted
pair cable type will you use to connect the
workstation to the existing network switch?
A. Cat 5
B. Cat 5e
C. Cat 6
D. Cat 6a
A. Cat 5
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Review
The connection in the illustration is using the
_____ standard.
A. 568A
B. 568B
B. 568B
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Review
The connection in the illustration is using the
_____ standard.
A. 568A
B. 568B
A. 568A
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Review
A straight-through patch cable has two of its
twisted pair conductors not making contact
with the RJ-45 pins. What type of cable fault
will occur when the patch cable is installed?
A. Ground
B. Open
C. Short
B. Open
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Review
An F-connector is attached at each end of a
stranded core RG-6 cable. At one of the
cable ends, many of the cable core strands
came unraveled and are making contact with
the connector and braided shield. What type
of cable fault will occur when this cable is
installed?
A. Ground
B. Open
C. Short
A. Ground
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Review
The _____ method of transmission uses the
entire bandwidth of a cable.
A. Baseband
B. Broadband
A. Baseband
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Review
The _____ method of transmission can
transmit several analog signals at the same
time.
A. Baseband
B. Broadband
B. Broadband
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Review
Which of the following is an example of fullduplex communication?
A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk
telephone system
B. Communicating using cell phones
C. A satellite delivering a television program
to a satellite dish
B. Communicating using cell phones
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Review
Which of the following is an example of
simplex communication?
A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk
telephone system
B. Communicating using cell phones
C. A satellite delivering a television program
to a satellite dish
C. A satellite delivering a television program
to a satellite dish
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Review
Which of the following is an example of halfduplex communication?
A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk
telephone system
B. Communicating using cell phones
C. A satellite delivering a television program
to a satellite dish
A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk
telephone system
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Glossary

1000BaseCX


An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data
rate of 1 Gbps, the use of Category 5 cable, a
maximum segment length of 25 meters, and a
minimum segment length of 0.6 meters.
1000BaseT

An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a 1-Gbps
data rate using all four pairs of Category 5e cable, a
maximum segment length of 100 meters, and a
minimum segment length of 0.6 meters. Also known
as Gigabit Ethernet.
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Glossary

100BaseT4


An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of
all four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 cable and a data
rate of 100 Mbps.
100BaseTX

An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of
Category 5e cable on pairs 1 and 2 only. It is
configured in a star topology and has a data rate of
100 Mbps.
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Glossary

10Base2


10Base5


An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of
RG-58 (thinnet) cable and a data rate of 10 Mbps.
An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of
RG-8 (thicknet) and a data rate of 10 Mbps.
10BaseT

An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of
Category 3, 4, and 5 UTP cable. It is arranged in a
star topology, follows the 100-meter rule, and has a
data rate of 10 Mbps.
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Glossary

10GBaseT


Alien Crosstalk (AXT)


An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data rate
of 10 Gbps at a distance of 100 meters using
unshielded Category 6a cable or a distance of 55
meters using Category 6 cable. Also known as 10
Gigabit Ethernet or 10BbT.
A measurement of the noise introduced outside the
cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables
in close proximity.
Amplifier

An electronic device designed to raise a signal’s
amplitude.
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Glossary

Amplitude


Analog signal


An electronic signal that varies in values.
Attenuation


The maximum voltage, or height, of an electronic
signal.
The loss of signal strength.
Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface
Crossover (Auto-MDIX)

An electronic chip technology incorporated into Gigabit
Ethernet devices to automatically reassign pin functions
and eliminate the need for a crossover cable.
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Glossary

AWG rating


Bandwidth


A measurement of the network media’s ability to
carry data.
Baseband


A rating that describes the size of a conductor’s
diameter.
A method of transmitting data in the form of a digital
signal, using the entire bandwidth of a cable.
Broadband

A method of transmitting data in the form of several
analog signals at the same time.
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Glossary

Coaxial cable


Crossed pair


A type of cable that consists of a copper core
conductor surrounded by an insulator referred to as
a dielectric. Also called coax.
A wiring fault that occurs when one of each of two
cable pairs has become part of the other pair’s
connection.
Crosstalk

Interference that comes from neighboring
conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection)


Decibel (dB)


A media access method used in Ethernet networks.
A unit of measurement that expresses the
relationship of power between two electrical forces.
Digital signal

An electronic signal that has discrete values.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary

Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)


A measurement calculated by subtracting the effects
of attenuation from the Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
measurement.
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)

A measurement of reflective loss at the far end, or
output end, of a cable. Far-end losses are expressed
in decibels.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary

Frequency


The number of cycles of an electronic signal that
occur in 1 second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Full-duplex

Communication that occurs bi-directionally and
simultaneously between two devices. An example of
full-duplex communication is communication via
telephone.
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Glossary

Ground


Half-duplex


Communication that is bi-directional but can only
occur in one direction at a time.
Impedance


A wiring fault that occurs when a conductor connects
to the earth through a continuous path.
The opposition to alternating current.
Interference

An undesired electromagnetic signal imposed on a
desired signal that distorts or corrupts the desired
signal.
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Glossary

Latency


Magnetic induction


The amount of time it takes a signal to travel from its
source to its destination.
An electrical phenomenon in which the magnetic
field encircling a current-carrying conductor induces
current in a conductor of close proximity. Also called
mutual induction.
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)

A measurement of the reflected loss at the near end,
or input end, of a cable. Losses are typically
expressed in decibels.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary

Network media


Noise


Electromagnetic interference.
Open


A general term for all forms of pathways that support
network communication.
A wiring fault that occurs when the length of a
conductor has an open spot.
Plenum-rated

A rating that means a cable has a special type of
insulation that will not give off toxic gases should the
cable be consumed by fire.
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Glossary

Power over Ethernet (PoE)


Reflected loss


An IEEE standard that specifies the supply of small
amounts of electrical power to network devices such
as cameras, IP phones, wireless access points,
speakers, and phone or PDA chargers.
The amount of signal reflected from the end of a
cable.
Resistance

The opposition to direct current (DC) in a conductor.
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Glossary

Reversed pair


RG-6


A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of a cable
assembly have reversed two connections.
A type of coaxial cable that has become the
standard for Cable television (CATV) systems and
satellite systems.
RG-8

A thick, rigid coaxial cable used in a 10Base5
network. Also called thicknet.
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Glossary

RG-58


Rollover cable


A thin, flexible coaxial cable used in a 10Base2
network. Also called thinnet.
A special cable where the pin order is completely
reversed on one end of the cable. Pin 1 connects to
pin 8, pin 2 connects to pin 7, and so on.
Short

A wiring fault that occurs in cabling when two
conductors are improperly connected, resulting in a
shorter circuit path.
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Glossary

Simplex


Split pair


Communication that occurs in one direction only. An
example of simplex communication is the
transmission that occurs between a television station
and a television.
A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of
conductors are reversed in connection with another
pair.
Terminating resistor

An electrical device that absorbs electrical signals
when they reach the end of a network segment.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Glossary

Time to Live (TTL)


The maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to
circulate through a network before it is destroyed.
Twisted pair

A type of cable that consists of four pairs of twisted
conductors.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.