Transcript Prof. Younghee Lee 한국정보통신대학교

미래 application 들을 위한 network
solutions에 대한 연구
March 23, 2004
Younghee Lee
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
1
Content
 Requirements
for future applications
– NGI
– Ubiquitous computing
 Problems
of today’s Internet
 Possible solutions
–
–
–
–
–
MPLS
Active & programmable network
Overlay network
Ad hoc network, Sensor network
(knowledge plane)
 Research
activities of cnlab ICU
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
2
Requirements for future the Internet applications
 NGI
– Increased Capability
» Advanced end-to-end networking technologies:
 Reliability, Robustness, Security, QoS/differentiation of service
(including multicast and video), Network management (Including
allocation and sharing of bandwidth)
– Increased Capacity
» The “100x” testbed — at speeds 100 times faster end to end than
today’s Internet.
– Applications
» Collaboration technologies, Digital libraries, Distributed computing,
Privacy and security, Remote operation and simulation
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
3
Requirements for future the Internet applications

Networking for Ubiquitous computing (IBM)
– Plug-and-play networking
– Requires “smarter” infrastructure
» Self configuration
» Auto-discovery and Service access
–
–
–
–
–
Proximity based connectivity
Hidden computing
Spontaneous networking
Security and Privacy
Access and connectivity rules
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
4
Requirements for future the Internet applications

Architecture for pervasive computing system
– Networked Apps, API
» Power conscious Apps
» HW and middleware aware
» Disconnected model when possible
– Middleware/Networking Stacks
» Utilizing existing stacks if possible
» Lightweight networking for peers
» Complexity pushed to infrastructure for Internet access
– Radio/BB/MAC
»
»
»
»
»
Integrated RF design
Low power transmitter (1 mW)
Power conscious MAC
Encryption
Ubiquitous system interface
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
5
Requirements for future the Internet applications

2-5 years later
– Environment
» Smart Spaces, Internet Appliances, Things-that-think, Car, Home Networks, Body-onthe-Net
– Technology
» Intergrated/embedded Networking (low cost, Low power), "Lightweight" IP and
Networking Services, Spontaneous Networking, Wireless, Universal connectivity

The future of the Internet is not multimedia(only).
– The future of QoS networks is cloudy
– Primary driver for advanced networking?
» The future multimedia applications? or
» computer to computer data networking

Challenges in nomadicity:
– Location independence, Device independence, Widespread access, Security,
Adaptability to new technologies, Friendly interface, Partitioning functionality into
co-operating software entities
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
6
Requirements for future the Internet applications

Different applications needs different security services
– Confidentiality, Integral, availability, non-repudiation, Access control,
Authentication
– lacking : authorization and quality of service

Four concrete application areas for further bandwidth usage:
– Real-time synchronization: User will have data and media on various devices and
in various central server and decentral (think your P2P storage of movies) places,
and user want to have access to this data and media all the time everywhere.
– Media usage:If it can take only 10 seconds for movie download, people will use that
bandwidth. Then they will sample movies and TV and download more. User will
share with friends sending a full movie via email like mp3 files?
– Life Storage: By far the biggest driver will be the recording, transmission and
storage of whole life. (Data, Information, knowledge, wisdom)
– Gaming: When you get real-time 3D worlds inhabited by thousands of avatars
interacting with each other, and your local gaming environment always needs to be
on top of all the developments in this world, then your bandwidth usage will
skyrocket. NxN multicast
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
7
Questions

Network service 측면:
– 어떻게 저 많은 서비스 요구사항을 네트워크가 만족시킬 수 있는지?
– 현재 망 차원에서는 불가능?

Network control 측면:
– 어떻게 저 다양한 응용서비스가 네트워크를 control 하면서 각자의
구미에 맞게끔 네트워크를 이용할 수 있을지?
– No control plane for application in the Internet(best effort service case)
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Problems of today’s Internet

Internet design principles
– Internet Architecture : Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
principles:
» minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect
networks
» best effort service model
» stateless routers
» decentralized control
Big differences with connection oriented
telecommunication networks (PSTN, PSDN, ATM,…)
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
9
Problems of today’s Internet

Internet design principles
– End-to-End Argument
» If the application can implement a functionality correctly, implement it
a lower layer only as a performance enhancement
 Application has more information about the data and the semantic
of the service it requires (e.g., can check only at the end of each
data unit)
 A lower layer has more information about constraints in data
transmission (e.g., packet size, error rate)
» Rule of Thumb
 Implementing a functionality at a lower level should have minimum
performance impact on the application that do not use the
functionality
» What About Other Services?: Multicast? Quality of Service (QoS)?
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
10
Why Is It Not Happening?

Network QoS model is too primitive.
Distributed
Simulation
Distance
Learning
– Large gap between network and
application QOS
– Too low level; hard to use

Applications have insufficient
information about the network to make
informed decisions.
– Am I using a modem or a gigabit
Ethernet?
– Where can I get more bandwidth



User
Too Complex
Games
Video
Conferencing
No Control
User
No
Information
Service providers have little control
over how their traffic is handled.
– No customization
Implication to active network, overlay
network, ad hoc network?
Knowledge plane?
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Problems of the Global Internet

Problems and requirements
– Various Internet attackers: spam e-mail,..
» Need protect users and network itself from attacker
– ISP Service differentiation: QoS
– Third party’s involvement
» 정부, ISP 등이 위해정보 차단, 세금징수 등..
– Multiway communication
– Firewall in the network, traffic filters, NAT for address space management
– (Congestion control, incentive)
 How
can we solve all these problems or requirements of the Global
Internet ?
– Location?
– Labeling for packet discrimination?…
– How to improve and evolve current Internet respecting e2e argument principle?
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Network processor

Today’s gateways and backbone routers can never be
fast enough
– Cannot keep up with fiber capacity
– Cheap, monolithic “superprocessor” : Intel IXP nnnn
» Replacing rack-mount routers
» Also processing higher layer protocol
» QoS, encryption
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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MPLS
 QoS
routing?
– Bandwidth?, Delay?
– Delay-constrained least cost (NP-complete)
 DiffServ,
IntServ
 Stateless or stateful ?
– Challenge: features of stateful solutions, but at the cost of
stateless solutions
– Can MPLS be a candidate ?
» Differentiate flows for optimum performance and services
 Push complexity of control plane to data plane
» Positive. But what about IP network design principle? : Stateless
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
14
Programmable Platforms

Stateful solutions need a complex control plane
– Control plane: difficult to develop and debug
– open flexible control plane

Open programmable interface (API)
– user, network node, third party : resource manipulate or
reprogram
– open signaling: IEEE 1520

Related standard
– IETF General Switch Management Protocol(GSMP)
– Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
– The Multiservice Switching Forum (MSF)
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Active Networks

Various active network research(mostly funded by DARPA)
– ANTS/PAN ( MIT), SwitchWare (Upenn), Liquid Software (Arizona),
NetScript (Columbia), Janos (Utah), ANTS/Detour (Washington),
OpenetLab (Nortel), CANES (Georgia Tech), Genesis (Columbia), Panda
(UCLA), Smart Packets (BBN), DARWIN (CMU), Active Networks and
Novel Network Management Technology (GE), ABLE (Bell Labs)
– Very active until 2000
» About 6 projects are active now in US
» Activeware (MIT) Liquid Software (U. Arizona) Scout Operating System (U. Arizona)
Spin Operating System (U. Washington) Switch Ware Project (Upenn NOW Network
of Workstations (U. Berkeley)

FAIN(Future Active IP Networks)
– R&D project under the Information Society Technologies (IST) program : 3
years from 2000 funded by Commission of the EU
– Various European countries, Hitachi, Upenn
– open, flexible, programmable and dependable (reliable, secure, and
manageable) network architecture based on novel active node concepts.
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Active Networks
– “programmability into the network”,
– “new services are introduced fast”.
– Problems
» What is the killer application? Incentive?
» Need of processing power
– end to end argument point of view
» contradict the end-to-end principle: a function or service should be
carried out within a network layer only if it is needed by all clients of that
layer
» consonant with end-to-end arguments: programmability may allow a
network client to implement precisely the service it needs, an outcome
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Active networks for something

Execution at right place;
– Something would prefer to be executed at intermediate node rather than
end node
 Characteristics
of functions
– closely related with network control or node data manipulation
» Congestion, multicast, QoS, sensor node,…
– reactive on right time at right place
» Adaptive to network changes or context changes
» For pervasive computing
 Context => event => service
– How to describe service?: service description
– How to discover optimum service?: service discovery
– How to execute them on right time at right place?: agent
– application specific and temporal only to certain application
» If it’s common to every application, we don’t need active networking
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
18
Active networks for something(1)
 Active
networking for the GRID
– Active P2P Grid architecture
– Self-adapting, self-configurable, self manageable grids
 Active
overlay network
– Application Level Active Networks (ALAN)
 Active
sensor network
– Adaptive to network situation, decided by application
– Active routing for ad-hoc network: Seamless integration
 Programmable network management
– Applying Active networks to Network management
» Smart Packets(BBN)
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Active networks for something(2)

Active Networking in Pervasive Computing
–
–
–
–

situation(context) aware, dynamic, adaptive,….
Mobility discovery
Pan-network server service
Agent: execution on behalf of application at better place
Active Networking for OPES
– OPES: Services deployed at application level intermediaries i in the network to
transform filter content
» Caching, virus scanning, language translation, … , …
– Active node to execute the code for specific application
» Message containing the code or rule set
 video transcoding, virus filter and so on...

Active networking for knowledge plane concept
– Knowledge based network control for effective network
– Agent execution for various applications
– Information gathering, knowledge discovery, …
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Overlay Network
 Motivations
– Changes in the network happen very slowly
– Why?: Network services are end-to-end
– Proposed changes that haven’t happened yet:
» Congestion (RED ‘93); More Addresses (IPv6 ‘91), Security (IPSEC ‘93); Multipoint (IP multicast ‘90)
 An
isolated virtual network deployed over an existing
network
– Composed of Hosts, Routers, Tunnels
– IP service: e2e datagram service
– Multicast, QoS services need stateful protocols only for control
state over IP networks => e2e edge/overlay service
– Application level intermediaries
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Overlay Network
 New
service deployment without network updates
– Performance drawback compared to the case with network updates
 Potential
Benefits
– Easier to deploy
» only requires adding software to end hosts
– Potentially simplifies support for higher level functionality
» leverage computation and storage of end systems
 e.g., packet buffering, transcoding of media streams, ACK
aggregation
» leverage solutions for unicast congestion control and reliability
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
22
Overlay Network: applications

Applications
–
–
–
–
–
–
Multicast
Quality of Service
Mobility
Addressing: 6bone, IP-NL ; enhanced NAT
Security
Web caching, CDN, P2P
» Related IETF activities
 Web Replication and Caching (WREC)
– Taxonomy, requirements
 Content Delivery Internetworking (CDI)
– Settlements, SLAs, property rights
 Web Intermediaries (WEBI)
– Content Invalidation Protocol
 Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES)
– Rules-based invocation of proxylet services
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Overlay multicast: (Overcast)


Scalable, efficient, and reliable distribution of high quality video
Large groups ~ millions of nodes
– Typical application: content distribution

Designed for throughput intensive content delivery
– Streaming, file distribution
– Not good for gaming application: latency problem


Server based infrastructure
ICU :
– 1 to N, N to N multicast for streaming service
– High performance forwarding engine in kernel level
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Knowledge Plane
 Concern
over risks of increased reliance on networks
– The role of the network is growing more quickly than our ability to manage
– Network-centric warfare has promise and peril
– The civilian economy is alternately helped and hurt by the Internet
 Key
Idea: The Internet Knowledge Plane as a basis for making
progress in cognition while exploring a new vision for network
architecture


– New “collective cognitive” mechanisms for supporting cooperation and
learning
– A coherent management infrastructure for the Internet that does not
compromise its strengths ;e2e
– Additional military benefits: quick deployment, more effective networks, and
reduced reliance on human experts
초기개념 형성단계
다양한 응용서비스가 필요한 지식정보를 공유: 응용별로 망 구성을 위한 별도의
정보 획득 및 조치 불 필요
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Knowledge plane:
THE KNOWLEDGE PLANE
K-Application “Why?”:
Network fault detection, isolation, and repair
K-Base
Models
Inference
rules,
diagnostic
procedures
Models of
Internet structure,
application
behavior,
requirements
Perception
Action
Sensors
Actuators
•Departures from expectation
E
• Departures from design
• Element failures
• Misconfiguration
E
E
• Attacks
E
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations
Algorithmic game theory
Domain-specific
languages
RKF, DAML,
Knowledge
Representation,
dimensionality
reduction
M
P
Bayes belief nets, machine
learning, genetic algorithms,
neural networks, expert
systems
K
Distributed Hash Tables
(DHTs)
Active Networks, Sensor Nets,
CoABS, various overlay
networks
DASADA, NMS
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
27
Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
28
Knowledge plane: summary
 An
net that builds itself using high-level specification.
 Very
different net from the Internet.
– We might experiment with knowledge overlays
 What
is different?
– Edge-involvement.
» Visibility of “application-level” behavior.
–
–
–
–
Global perspective.
Compositional structure.
Unified approach.
Cognitive framework
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Ad hoc network: application

Military environments: was motivation & strong candidate
– soldiers, tanks, planes
» Need mobility, avoid SPF, rapidly deployable, Multi-hop to reach to person outside of LOS(line of
sight), when existing infrastructure is unavailable
– Survivable Radio Network(SURAN), Global Mobile(GloMo) Information System

Civilian environments
–
–
–
–

taxi cab network, automobile communications(Cellular + ad hoc+..)
Meetings/conferences
sports stadiums, super market, Hotel…
boats, small aircraft
Emergency operations
– search-and-rescue
– policing and fire fighting

Personal area networking
– cell phone, laptop, head phone, wrist watch, multimedia devices
– Wearable computing
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Ad hoc network
 MANET
nodes
– End system and also Network nodes
» Discussion: Aspect of “End to End Arguments” in MANET?
– With wireless mobile host
– May need multiple hops to reach a destination
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
31
Sensor Network
 Applications
–
–
–
–
–
–
of sensor network
Home network for pervasive computing
Habitat monitoring
Environmental observation and forecasting systems: Columbia River Estuary
Smart Dust
Biomedical sensors
Military applications
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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Classifications of Sensor Nets
 Sensor
position
– Static (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical)
– Mobile (Smart Dust, Biomedical)
 Goal-driven
–
–
–
–
Monitoring: Real-time/Not-real-time (Habitat, Smart Dust)
Forecasting (CORIE)
Function substitution (Biomedical)
…
 Communication
medium
– Radio Frequency (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical)
– Light (Smart Dust)
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
33
Common Challenging Issues

Limited computation and data storage
– Sensor design (Multi-objective sensors), Cooperation among sensors
– Data aggregation and interpretation


Low power consumption
Wireless communication
– Medium, ad hoc vs. infrastructure, topology and routing

Data-related issues
– Trade-off between latency and energy: reactive? proactive?
– Data representation: Raw/Compressed data
– Error calibration: No access to real values, Inferred from other sensors
 Continuous operation: Long-term data collection
– Renewable power source.: Solar energy, Mechanical vibrations, RadioFrequency inductance, Infrared inductance


Inaccessibility – network adjustment and retasking
Robustness and fault tolerance
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
34
Uncertain
Conclusion
 Need
many thing between applications and very
high speed networks
– Pay too much attention only to HSN?
– Intermediaries: Middleware
 Interim
solution: overlay network?
 Ultimate solution?
– Knowledge plane?
– Totally new global network?
 Solutions
for local environment?
– Sensor network, ad-hoc network, WPAN,…
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
35
Computer Network Lab.
 People
– 7 Ph.d students, 4 Ms Students
 Research
– Network Supports for Pervasive Computing In Home
Networking environments: making home more comfortable,
safe and convenient, controlling devices automatically
without user’s knowledge
» Pervasive Network Access
Zero-configuration performed over entire networks of nodes
 Mobility management: adaptive mobility

» Context aware semantic service discovery

Automatic service discovery with minimized user’s intervention
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
36
Computer Network Lab.
 Research
– Active networking: making the network intelligent and
programmable for high quality Internet services
» Congestion control, multicast, QoS, sensor network node,…
» Reactive on right time at right place
– Overlay Network: making the end node computers working
like network nodes
immediate new network service
» Overlay multicast: Split -join
» Programmable overlay
– Ad hoc network: making the computer nodes to construct
the network by themselves
» Ad hoc routing: Proactive-reactive Hybrid type
» Address auto-configuration
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
37
Computer Network Lab.
 Research
direction
– Adaptive networks
» Self configuration: zero configuration
 Mobile devices, ad hoc devices,…
» Dynamically adapt to the requirements of applications and situation
changes
– Service discovery
» Semantic service discovery: Currently Home network environment
 Inexact matching
 Interworking between existing middleware ;Jini, Havi, UPnP…
» Extend to Global network environment including mobile network
 OSGI
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
38
Semantic service discovery
class
Entity
subclass
property
Attribute

Device
Service
Primitive
Service
State
Variable
Control
Interface
Ontologies in home environment
– Advantage of our ontology structure
Low complexity
Easily define relation between device and service
Enabling the composition of services and device attributes based
query message
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
39
Semantic service discovery

Ontology structure
 Device ontology
 A smallest physical unit of providing a service
 Service ontology
 Primitive service composition, and primitive service and device attribute
composition
 Primitive service ontology
 A smallest logical unit of providing service
 A mediator between device and service
 Attribute ontology
 Device attributes
 Represent device attribute efficiently
 State Variable / Control Interface ontology
 models state of primitive services with state variables and control primitive
service through control interfaces
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
40
Implementation

System Model
 Jini-based client / service model
3. reasoning &
evaluation
Ontology
Lookup
Service
Reasoning
Engine
Evaluator
Matching
Manager
4.Discovery&Lookup
2.Download
device-description
file
Device-description
Repository
Service
Proxy1.Discovery & Join
5.Receive
Service
Proxy
Client
6.Use
Prof. Younghee Lee
Service
한국정보통신대학교
41
Implementation

Architecture of Extended Lookup Service
Lookup Service
Device description
Repository
Registry
Inferencing Engine
Request
Reply
Evaluator
Request of
evaluation
Service
register
Device/Service
Description
Ontology
Dynamic-value
Extractor
Reply dynamic value
Result of evaluation
Matching Manager
Location Server
.
Device
.
.
Query
Interpreter
Service request
message
Service
Request dynamic value
Service request
message
Client
Prof. Younghee Lee
Control
Data
한국정보통신대학교
42
NGIS middleware
 NGIS
미들웨어 구조
NGIS Applications: Internet TV, Multimedia Comm.
NGIS Middleware Architecture
NGIS 네트워킹 미들웨어
메타데이타 변환 엔진
N to N Multicast
1 to N Multicast
MPEG-7 Ontology
- Topology Management
- Bandwidth Acquisition
- Ontology Management
Fast Packet Forwarding Engine
Transformation Engine
IXP 기반의 고성능 인터넷 정합장치
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
43
Networking Middleware
 1-to-N
Multicast
– Target: High-quality multimedia streaming
– Requirement: Bandwidth Stability
– Approach: Split & Combine
Level-0 : Sender
Level-1
Level-2
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
44
Networking Middleware

Fast Packet Forwarding Engine
– Overlay Multicast 패킷을 적은 Latency로 Forwarding
– Forwarding Engine: Kernel 영역에 위치
– buffering의 최소화
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
45
Networking Middleware

Fast Packet Forwarding Engine
– Protocol Update Engine: 현재 등록된 Protocol의 정보 수정
– Protocol Interface: Enhanced Socket Interface for Overlay Multicast
Prof. Younghee Lee
한국정보통신대학교
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