Transcript PostPC - BNRG - University of California, Berkeley

The Post-PC Era:
It’s All About the New
Services-Enabled Internet
Prof. Randy H. Katz
Computer Science Division, EECS Department
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
[email protected]
Some slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne
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Presentation Outline
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•
•
•
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Convergence, Divergence, Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
2
Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Convergence, Divergence, Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
3
Convergence? ...
First Color TV
Broadcast, 1953
HBO Launched,
1972
Telephone,
1876
Interactive TV,
1990
Early Wireless
Phones, 1978
Handheld Portable
Phones, 1990
WinTel
Computer
+ Modem
1957
First PC
Altair,
1974
IBM
PC,
1981
Apple
Apple
IBM
Mac, Powerbook, Thinkpad,
1984
1990
1992
Eniac, 1947
HP
Palmtop,
1991
Pentium
PC, 1993
Apple
Newton,
1993
Red Herring, 10/99
4
… Divergence and Competition
Atari Home
Pong, 1972
Pentium
PC, 1993
Game Consoles
Personal Digital Assistants
Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV)
Communicators
Smart Telephones
E-Toys (Furby, Aibo)
Network
Computer,
1996
Free
PC, 1999
Sega
Dreamcast,
1999
Internet-enabled
Smart Phones,
1999
Pentium II
PC, 1997
Apple
iMac, 1998
Palm VII
PDA, 1999
Proliferation of diverse
end devices and access networks
Red Herring, 10/99
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Information Appliances
• Different design constraints based on
intended use, enhances ease of use
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Desktop PC
Mobile PC
Desktop “Smart” Phone
Mobile Telephone
Personal Digital Assistant
Set-top Box
Digital VCR
…
• Implications:
– Shift from computer design to consumer design
– Heterogeneous “standards,” hybrid networking
– Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS
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Fast Projected Growth in
Non-PC Terminal Equipment
Millions
Units
Shipped
60
All Non-PC
Information Appliances
45
30
Videogame Consoles
Internet TVs
Smart Phones
15
0
1998
2002
Red Herring, 10/99
7
Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Convergence, Divergence, and Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
8
What is the Internet?
“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol Stack”
Applications
• Applications
Middleware
Services
“Narrow
Waist”
TCP/IP
Transport Services and
Representation Standards
Network
Technology
Substrate
Access
Technologies
Open Data Network
Bearer Service
– Web
– Email
– Video/Audio
• TCP/IP
• Access Technologies
– Ethernet (LAN)
– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,
Cellular)
– Cable
– ADSL
– Satellite
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Critical Evolution of the
Internet
• NSFNet
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–
–
–
1st Gen (1985): 56 kbps /LSI-11s, six SC centers
2nd Gen (1988): T1/IBM RTs, SC sites + regional nets
3rd Gen (1991): T3/RS6000; Migration to MCI PoPs
1993: Commercialization plan; NSF phase out by 4/95;
NCSA Mosaic
– 1994-1995: Privatization of the NSFNet, ISP connectivity,
Network Access Point (NAP) Architecture
– 1995- : vBNS, Internet2, Abilene
• WWW, Netscape
• Telecommunications Act of 1996
– Massive mergers yielding giants like SBC, MCI-WorldcomSprint, AT&T-TCI, AOL-Time Warner, and new service
providers like Qwest
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Metropolitan Area Exchanges/
Network Access Points
Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tables
Tier 2 Connections: regional connection points
MAE does not provide peering, just connection b/w to co-located ISPs
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Digex
Backbone
Qwest
IP
Backbone
(Late
1999)
GTE
Internetworking
Backbone
Various Backbones
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13
Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Convergence, Divergence, Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
14
New Internet Business Model
in the Post-PC Era
Applications
(Portals, E-Commerce,
E-Tainment, Media)
Appl Infrastructure Services
(Distribution, Caching,
Searching, Hosting)
AIP
ISV
Application-specific Servers
(Streaming Media, Transformation)
ASP
Internet
Data Centers
ISP
CLEC
Application-specific
Overlay Networks
(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)
Global Packet Network
Internetworking
(Connectivity)
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The Evolution of the
Enterprise
Late-1980s
Internal users
Private Corporate
Network
Dedicated facilities/
computer centers
Limited customer/
external access
Dedicated applications/
3rd party DBMS
E.g., Oracle
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The Evolution of the
Enterprise
1995
Internal users
Private Corporate
Network
Dedicated facilities/
computer centers
Limited customer/
external access
Outsourced
“Enterprise Resource
Planning” Apps
e.g., PeopleSoft, BAAN
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The Evolution of the
Enterprise
1997
Internal users
Virtual Private Network
ISP Mesh
Outsourced
Web Hosting
Internet
Dedicated Facility
Outsourced
ERP Apps
External Customers
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The Evolution of the
Enterprise
1997
Internal users
P
o
r
t
a
l
Outsourced
Web Hosting
Search
Caching Internet
Ads
Services
EComm
Virtual Private Network
ISP
Mesh
Internet
Dedicated Facility
Outsourced
ERP Apps
External Customers
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The Evolution of the
Enterprise
1999
3rd Party
Facilities Mgmt
P
o
r
t
a
l
Outsourced
Web Hosting
Search
Cache
Internet
Ads
Services
EComm
Applications
Service Provider
ISP Mesh
VPNs
Content Delivery “Net”
Caching +
Media Servers
Customers
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Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Convergence, Divergence, Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
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Services Within the Network:
Caching and Distribution
“Internet Grid”
Parallel Network Backbones
Internet Exchange Points
Co-Location
Scalable Servers
Web
Caches
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Caching Advantages for
Service Providers
Internet
Local
POP
$
ISP $
Backbone
$
$
Local
POP
Local POP
• Move data closer to
consumer
• Backbone caches save b/w
• Edge caches for QoS
• 4 billion hits/day@AOL!
• Even more crucial for
broadband access
networks, e.g., cable, DSL
Eric Brewer
23
Reverse Caching
Forward Proxy Cache
Cache handles client requests
$
Internet
Reverse Proxy Cache
Cache fronts origin server
Internet
$
Eric Brewer
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Surge Protection via
Clustered Caches
Reverse caches buffer load
across multiple sites
Hosting Provider Network
www.site 1.com
$ $
Internet
$ $
Reverse Proxy
Cluster
www.site 2.com
www.site 3.com
www.site 4.com
www.site 5.com
www.site 6.com
Eric Brewer
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Content Distribution
We can connect these caches!
ISP Network
Hosting Provider Network
$ $
$ $
Forward
Caches
Internet
$ $
$ $
Reverse Proxy
Cluster
Push content out to the edge
Eric Brewer
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Example: Application-level
Multicast
Solve the multicast management and peering
problems by moving up the protocol stack
Isolated
multicast
clouds
multicast
cloud
multicast
cloud
multicast
cloud
multicast
cloud
multicast
cloud
Traditional
unicast
peering
Steve McCanne
27
Example: Application-level
Multicast
Solve the multicast management and peering
problems by moving up the protocol stack
Steve McCanne
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Multicast as an
Infrastructure Service
• Global multicast as an “infrastructure service”,
not a core network primitive
– Circumvents technical/operational/business barriers of no
interdomain multicast routing, management, billing
• No coherent architecture for infrastructure
services, because of end-to-end principle
• Needed: Service stack to complement the IP
protocol stack
– Open redirection
– Content-level peering
Steve McCanne
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The Service Stack
End
Host
Applications
End host
Services
TCP
service
End-to-end
argument
here
Router
IP service
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
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The Service Stack
End
Host
Applications
TCP
service
DNS
stub
Overlay
DNS
Router
IP service
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
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The Service Stack
End
Host
Overlay
Router
Applications
DNS
TCP
service
Cache
Services
stub
Proxy
Services
IP service
DNS
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
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The Service Stack
End
Host
Applications
DNS
TCP
service
stub
redirection
Overlay
Router
Cache
Services
Proxy
Services
IP service
DNS
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
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Service Elements for Internet
Broadcast
End
Host
Applications
TCP
service
redirection
DNS
stub
stub
Overlay
Broadcast
Router
Redirection
DNS
IP and Scoped IP Multicast
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
34
Incremental Path
End
Host
Applications
TCP
service
G2, WMT, QT4
RTSP, RTP DNS
stub
Overlay
Broadcast
Router
Redirection
DNS
IP and Scoped IP Multicast
End host
Services
Infrastructure
Services
Network
Services
Steve McCanne
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Broadcast Overlay Architecture
Broadcasters
Content
Broadcast
Network
Content Distribution
Through Multicast
Overlay Network
Load Balancing Thru
Server Redirection;
Edge
Servers
Inter-ISP Redirection
Peering
Redirection
Fabric
Content
Broadcast
Management
Platform and
Tools
Clients
Steve McCanne
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A New Kind of Internet
• Actively push services towards the edges:
caches, content distribution points
• Manage redirection, not routes
• New applications-specific protocols
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–
–
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Push content to the edge
Invalidate remote content for freshness
Collate remote logs into a single log
Internet TV/Radio: streaming media that works
• Twilight of the end-to-end argument
– Trusted service providers/network intermediaries
– Service providers create own application-specific overlays,
e.g., cache and streaming media content distribution
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A New Kind of Internet
Web Site Caching
Comparison Shopping
Interactive TV Guide
Local Ad Insertion
Streaming Media
Application
Services
Customer J
Terminal Equipment &
Access Network
Applications
Regional Communications
PC, Set-top Box.
Smart Phone, Game
Console, E-toys
Web, E-mail, Chat,
E-commerce,
E-tainment
ISP
Web Hosting
Server “Platform”
ISP Caching
Search Engine
Server Computing
Wide-Area Communications
Infrastructure
Services
High Performance
Backbone
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Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Convergence, Divergence, Competition
The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet
Corporate Infotech “Blown to Bits”
Content Delivery Networks
Summary and Conclusions
39
The Post-PC Era
• Services spanning access networks, to achieve high
performance and manage diversity of end devices
• Not about specific Information Appliances
• Builds on the New Internet: multiple applicationspecific “overlay” networks, with new kinds of
service-level peering
• Pervasive support for services within “intelligent”
networks
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Automatic replication
Document routing to caches
Compression & mirroring
Data transformation
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Edge Services vs. Core
Services
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•
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Potentially high local b/w over access networks
Wide-area bandwidth efficiency
Fast response time (and more predictable)
Integrate localized content
Associated with client (actually ISP), not server
Examples:
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Caching: exploits response time, b/w efficiency, high local b/w
Filtering: form of local content transformation
Internet TV: b/w efficiency, high local b/w, predictable response
Transformation: adapt content for end user/diverse access devices
Software Rental: sxploits high local b/w
Games, chat rooms, ….
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The Post-PC Research Agenda
• New Definition of “Quality of Service”
– Perceived quality depends on services in the network
– Manage caches, redistributors, NOT bandwidth
• Bandwidth Issues
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–
–
–
Tier 1 ISP backbones rapidly moving towards OC 192 (9.6 gbs!)
Better interconnection: hops across ASs decreasing over time
Emerging broadband access networks: cable, DSL, ...
End-to-end latency/server load dominate performance
• Supporting Old Services in the New Internet
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IP Multicast, DNS, …
Rethinking the End-to-End Principle
Service/content-level peering, just like routing-level peering
Secure end-to-end connection compatible with service model?
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