Transcript week12 - WordPress.com

You Say You Want a
Revolution
Ending a dictatorship and starting a new one
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Week 12
Sovereignty
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
 Pres. James Monroe
 America will not tolerate intervention
in Latin American countries
 But… will not interfere with European
colonies nor its internal concerns
Drago Doctrine (1902)
 Argentine Mister of Foreign
Relations Luis Maria Drago
 No foreign power (including
the U.S.) can use force to
collect debts
 Response to blocking of ports
in Venezuela (1902); US
intervention in Cuba (1898);
Puerto Rico (1898)
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
 The US will intervene in
conflicts between Europe and
its colonies
 Germany and Italy
had bombarded
Venezuela in 1902 (debt)
 Panama Canal being
built (speed, security,
profit)
Panama
Panama
 Viceroyalty of Peru for more than three centuries
 1821: independence from Spain. Part of Gran Colombia
 Secedes from Colombia in 1903, with U.S. support
 4 million people
(Ngäbe and Buglé)
 Dollarized economy
(Balboa)
 40% of the territory,
tropical jungle
 Revenue: banking,
commerce, tourism,
canal tolls
 Agreement with
Jimmy Carter to
return the Canal to
Panama in 2000
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
 Granted rights to the United States “as if it were sovereign”
 Build a canal, administer, and defend in “perpetuity”
 1914: building of canal is completed
 From 1903 to the late 1960s, not contested
 One of the seven wonders of the modern world
 6-8 hours to cross
 Tolls: type and size of vessel; type of cargo
 1968: Arnulfo Arias
Madrid elected president
and questions U.S. rule of
the canal
 Fraud? Will Arias install a
dictatorship? So let’s oust
him!
 Ousted by the National
Guard (Lieutenant
Colonel Omar Torrijos)
 Torrijos becomes president (with
some appointed presidents)
 1981: Torrijos dies in a plane crash
 Panama Defense
Forces: controlled by
Manuel Noriega (de
facto ruler)
 In 1984, Nicolás Ardito
Barletta Vallarino
(supported by
Noriega) elected
president (fraud,
again!): economic
crisis
 Noriega and the military established a parallel economy:
money laundering, smuggling of Chinese migrants
 Supervised by the CIA, Noriega sent money to the
Contras
 Colonel Roberto Diaz Herrera and the “Civic Crusade”
(1987)
 Herrera accuses Noriega of electoral fraud, planning
Torrijos (and others) death
 Crusade calls for general strike
 Military declares state of emergency
 The “Dobermans”: military riot control unit
 El Viernes Negro (Black Friday): 600 injured, 600
detained
 Ronald Reagan: sanctions to Panama
 CIA informant;
cocaine trafficker;
illicit weapons and
cash supplier
 1988: Noriega
accused of drug
trafficking
 1989: Noriega’s
allied lose
elections; elections
are cancelled and
oppression starts
again
Operation Just Cause (1989)… or invasion?
U.S. occupation
Weeks of conflict, around 500 people died, 20,000 displaced