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THE CRUSADES
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095, given a late Gothic setting in this illumination from the
Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer, of c 1490 (Bibliothèque nationale de Fr
REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095 ordered the Christians to
liberate the Holy Lands
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The Muslims tried to convert Christians and
Jews to Islam.
Those people who refused to become Muslim
had to pay a tax called « jizya ».
The Muslims allowed Christian pilgrims to visit
the Holy Lands, N.B. Jerusalem was the most
holy city for the Christians.
However, in 1076 the Turks (also Muslims)
captured Jerusalem, they were much fiercer
than the Arab Muslims and they refused
passage to the Christian pilgrims.
FEAR OF THE TURKS
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1076 The Turks capture Jerusalem and close
their lands to Christian pilgrims
The Roman emperor in Constantinople was
worried that the Turks would invade his land
He asks for help from the Pope in Rome
The Pope launches his message to all
Christians
Vocabulary page 86 and p44 in new
book
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To mistreat =to treat badly
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Tolerant (adj) = to accept people's differences
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To allow = to authorize or give permission
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To interfere = to block or to trouble
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To worship = to venerate a God
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The Holy Lands : the places in the Middle East
that are important to : Christians, Muslims and
Jews
The crusaders were « no match » for the
saracens
LIVING IN THE EAST
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Life in the East was very different to life in
Europe : the climate was very hot and dry and
the food was scarce (rare) and often spicy
whereas the food in Europe was often rather
tasteless and bland.
« to get rid of » = to make them leave i.e. To
do anything they could to destroy them
« within easy reach » = not far away, easy to
get
« in spite of »= despite the fact= even though
or even with
AFTER AD 750 ABBASIDS RULED
THE MUSLIM WORLD
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They lose control of their empire
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Turks from central Asia come with large armies
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They take over Egypt, Syria and Persia.
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These Turks were also Muslims.
SHORT TEST
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1 . What were the reasons for the crusades ?
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2. Who started the crusades ?
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3. How did the saracens treat Christians in the
Holy Lands ?
4. What was the name of the special tax
Christians had to pay ?
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5. What was it like to live in the East ?
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6. What happened after 750 ?
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7. Describe two different routes to travel from
Europe to the Holy Lands.
Map of the Crusades
Well-armed crusaders
Saladin and Guy de Lusignan after
Battle of Hattin in 1187
The Crusader movement “stretched” over 200 years.
The First Crusade was called in 1095 by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, to
redirect the energies of warring barons from warring against each other to reclaiming the
Holy Land (the Peace of God movement and Deus le volt! – God wills it!).
The First Crusade captured Jerusalem in July 1099 and established the Crusader states.
The Second Crusade ended in disaster and was crushed outside the walls of Damascus.
(this crusade was initiated by a Cistercian monk, Bernard of Clairvaux)
The Third Crusade fought against an Arab empire led by Saladin (who had recaptured
Jerusalem in 1187). Although the largest military endeavor of the Middle Ages, the Third
Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem.
The Fourth Crusade captured and sacked Constantinople in 1204, and the Fifth Crusade
resulted in Frederick negotiating for temporary occupation of Jerusalem. All others failed
as well.
The Mamluk capture of Acre in 1291 brought the end of Outremer (lands “across the sea”).
NEW IDEAS FROM THE EAST
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On pages 46 and 47 and from other sources
make a list of all those things you think might
have interested the crusaders
Forks, clothes, velvet, dyes, carpets, spices,
pepper, green figs, raisins, dates, ginger,
jewellery, ivory, porcelain, wall hangings,
astrolabs, enamel, algebra, mathematics,
astrology, medecine, surgery, architecture,
chemistry and of course reading reading and
reading.