Transcript Global Information Infrastructure

Series of lectures
“Telecommunication networks”
Lecture#07
Evolution of the
telecommunications
Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: [email protected]
The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State
University of Telecommunications
Cycles in the telephone
communication development
Milestones of telephony
development
Emergence of the telephone
communications
Time
80s of the XIX
century
Automation of the telephone
communications network
Utilization of the program
control
20s of the XX
century
60s of the XX
century
Transition towards packet
transmission and switching
technologies
Beginning of the
XXI century
The main goal is the real demands of each customer!
The Death of Distance
*)
Falling costs
100
Transatlantic
telephone call
80
Ocean
freight
Satellite
charge
60
Air
transport
40
20
Year
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Source: World Development Report 1995, World Bank
*)
F. Cairncross. The Death of Distance. – Harvard Business School Publishing, 1997.
Integration, convergence,
and consolidation (1)
Integration is aggregation or interpenetration. In some cases,
integration is considered as creation of the relationships.
Convergence is a process by which unrelated organisms
independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in
separate ecosystems. In telecommunications (according to
ITU-T Q.1761), coordinated evolution of formerly discrete
networks towards uniformity in support of services and
applications. It means convergence is approximately the same
as integration.
Consolidations is a reasonable combination of the integration
and convergence.
Integration, convergence,
and consolidation (2)
Typical example of integration is ISDN (Integrated
service digital network). One network supports the
services that were previously provided by number of
the existing networks.
Typical example of convergence is the functions of
the fixed and mobile networks. Mobile networks
support the Internet access. Fixed networks provide
the SMS transfer.
Typical example of consolidations is utilization of
the common cable lines for the transmission of the
different information (voice, data, video).
Integration, convergence,
and consolidation (3)
ITU, Recommendation Q.1702, Converged services:
The integration of Internet, multimedia, e-mail, presence,
instant messaging, m-commerce, etc., services with voice
service.
Sometimes term “convergence” is used instead of word
“integration”. Term “integration” was attractive during
elaboration of the ISDN concept. Market of the ISDN
mostly was not successful. For this reason, number of
experts use term “convergence”.
(xDSL)
Access networks
A1
A2
(WiMAX)
A  1  (1  A1 )  (1  A2 )
homework: let A1=A2. Please calculate value A for A1=0.99, 0.999,
and 0.9999.
Core network
PC
Core
network
Terminal equipment
Convergence and reliability
Definitions of term “Network”
ITU-T, E.164 (2005): Internationally interconnected physical
nodes and operational systems operated and maintained by one or
more ROAs (Recognized Operating Agency) to provide public
telecommunications services. Private networks are not included in
this definition.
ITU-T, G.998.1 (2005): All equipment and facilities, including
loop plant, located on the carrier side of the network interface.
ITU-T, G.805 (2000): All of the entities (such as equipment, plant,
facilities) which together provide communication services.
ITU-T, Y.101 (2000): A set of nodes and links that provide
connections between two or more defined points to facilitate
telecommunication between them .
Global Information Infrastructure (1)
A collection of networks, end user equipment, information, and human resources
which can be used to access valuable information, communicate with each other,
work, learn, receive entertainment from it, at any time and from any place, with
affordable cost on a global scale.
Source: ITU-T, Recommendations Y.101 and Y.110
Global Information Infrastructure (2)
Driving forces:
1. Two predominant factors distinguish a situation for the Global
Information Infrastructure (GII) which is likely to be radically different
from previous information infrastructures. These two factors are:
-the convergence of technologies in use within telecommunications,
computers, consumer electronics and the move of content provision
industries towards digital technology;
- the new business opportunities, created by the unbundling of services
made possible or necessary by deregulation, and other commercial
and/or open market pressures.
2. Digitalization (All forms of information, including voice, data or
video/image, are simply reduced to streams of digital bits for transfer
over a bit-way (or digital network). This represents a possible
decoupling between networks and their payloads).
Global Information Infrastructure (3)
Driving forces:
3. Value chain models and business opportunities. The following
properties of an added-value chain are relevant to ITU-T
standardization work:
a)
Every link and item in an added-value chain, from content to
user or user to user, potentially represents a possible business
opportunity.
b)
Every link in the chain establishes sufficient demarcation
points to facilitate potential separate ownership and operation to be
realized within the context of the entire chain.
c)
a) and b) are sources of requirements for the definition of
standards-based functions and/or interfaces.
This model can be used to represent a competitive telecommunications
and information provision environment, involving the interconnection
of networks in parallel or in series, as well as systems which enhance or
modify information content.
Global Information Infrastructure (4)
Source: ITU-T, Recommendation Y.110
Global Information Infrastructure (5)
NTU – Network termination unit, CTI – Computer telephony
integration, BS – Base station, STB – Set-top box.
Global Information Infrastructure (6)
Global Information Infrastructure (7)
Definition of the NGN (1)
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com13/ngn2004/working_definition.html
A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based
network able to provide services including
Telecommunication Services and able to make use of
multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport
technologies and in which service-related functions are
independent from underlying transport-related
technologies. It offers unrestricted access by users to
different service providers. It supports generalized
mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous
provision of services to users.
Definition of the NGN (2)
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com13/ngn2004/working_definition.html
The NGN is characterized by the following fundamental aspects:
•Packet-based transfer
•Separation of control functions among bearer capabilities, call/session, and application/
service
•Decoupling of service provision from network, and provision of open interfaces
•Support for a wide range of services, applications and mechanisms based on service
building blocks (including real time/ streaming/ non-real time services and multi-media)
•Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS and transparency
•Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces
•Generalized mobility
•Unrestricted access by users to different service providers
•A variety of identification schemes which can be resolved to IP addresses for the purposes
of routing in IP networks
•Unified service characteristics for the same service as perceived by the user
•Converged services between Fixed/Mobile
•Independence of service-related functions from underlying transport technologies
•Compliant with all Regulatory requirements, for example concerning emergency
communications and security/privacy, etc.
Costs ratio in NGN
Type of Operator’s costs
Today Change Tomorrow
Capital expenditure (CAPEX)
35%
1,25
43,75%
Operational expense (OPEX)
65%
0,5
32,5%
Total costs
100%
–
76,25%
Important reason of the conversion to NGN is the ending of the
exploited types of the telecommunications equipment life-cycle.
New equipment, which meets the NGN requirements, shall reduce
OPEX of the network due to integration processes.
Next generation network model
CU2
CU1
CU3
CU4
TS1
TS2
PS5
PS7
PS2
PS1
PC1
PS3
PS4
PS6
PS8
PS9
Local Network 2
Local Network 1
Long-distance network
CU – control unit, PS – packet switch, TS – telephone set,
PC – personal computer
PC2
Architecture of the next
generation network
IP network
Interworking Functions
PSTN
IP – Internet protocol,
Intelligent Database
Signalling Gateway
PSTN – Public switched
telephone network,
SS#7
(ISUP)
ISUP – Integrated services user
part,
Media Gateway
Controller
RTP
Media Gateway
SS#7 – Common channel
signalling system №7 (according
to ITU classification),
RTP – Real-time transport
protocol,
PCM
PCM – Pulse code modulation.
Architecture of the PSTN and
Softswitch switching stations
Architecture for PSTN
Architecture for Softswitch
Services and Applications
Services and Applications
Proprietary
Protocols
Switching and Management
API
Switching and Management
Proprietary
Protocols
Transport Functions
API
Transport Functions
API – Application programming interface
Integration of the existing
telecommunications networks
NGN
Telephone networks
Data transmission networks
Broadcasting networks
Process of the forming of the NGN
Forming of the NGN
“Saturation”
stage
Active
development
stage
Initial stage
Time
T0
TI
T2
T3
Points of the technology change
under transition to the NGN
TS
TS
Local network
with channels
switching
A
B
Local network
with channels
switching
Long-distance
IP network
TS
TS
G
C
E
IP-TS
Local IP
network
D
Local IP
network
International International network
IP network
with channels
switching
F
IP-TS
Some forecasts (1)
Some forecasts (2)
Revenue and traffic
Dominance of
voice traffic
traffic
d2
Dominance of data and
video traffic
Growth of revenue and traffic
revenue
d1
Time
t1
t2
Evolution of the telecommunications
Questions?
Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: [email protected]