Transcript Plantagenets, part 2 and Crusades, part 2

Plantagenets, part 2 and
Crusades, part 2
Richard I “The Lion-Heart”
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Eleanor gave him Aquitaine to
administer
1189 - raised funds to go on 3rd
Crusade
On way back, captured by HRE
Henry VI
Richard alliance with Tancred of
Lecce
brother John failed to seize
throne, went to France to get help
of King Philip Augustus
Eleanor governed as regent
Richard was ransomed, returned
and recovered all territory lost to
Philip Augustus
1199 – Richard died in a fight over
treasure
King John and the Magna Carta
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Richard alienated all his allies: nobles,
Philip Augustus of France, Pope
Innocent III, Catholics, wife
Innocent III excommunicated John and
decreed that any English property
would go to whoever seizes it first
John strikes bargain with Pope
If Innocent withdraws
excommunication and property
decree, all England will surrender to
Papacy, Pope agreed but John did not
change a thing
Nobles gathered army at Runnymede
1215 - John surrendered and signed
the The Great Charter
1217 – reissued after the First Braon’s
War and renamed Magna Carta
Scotland and the Plantagenets
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English denied Robert Bruce the
crown of Scotland, William Wallace
protested and organized an army
1298 - Edward I (John’s grandson)
defeated him at Falkirk
1305 – Wallace captured,
disembowled and quartered
Robert Bruce (grandson of the first
one), crowned self king
1314 – Edward II led huge army to
Bannockburn and lost to Bruce
1328 – English regents for Edward
III signed Treaty of Northampton
making Scotland free
The Second Crusade 1146-1148
• Intermittent borders disputes kept
Muslim anger hot
• Muslims heard stories of atrocities in
Jerusalem spread to Damascus
• Latin governments undermanned
• Zangi, prince of Mosul, retook
Edessa in 1144
• Crusade preached by St. Bernard of
Clairvaux
• Bernard enlisted the French (Louis
VII) and Germans including Conrad
III and young Frederick of Swabia
(later Frederick Barbarossa)
• 1147 – left for Holy Land
• Pillaging along the way
More Utter Failure
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Emperor Manuel Comnenus tried to avoid
direct contact with French and German force
Germans met main Moslem army at
Dorylaum (Asia Minor), lost 90% of force
French received false news of German
victory, marched recklessly, decimated by
starvation and raids
At Attalia, Louis and nobles took ships to
Antioch and left army in Attalia, later
decimated
Louis and Conrad reached Jerusalem with
little to no army
Attacked Damascus anyway combining with
Baldwin III
Camped outside Damascus, they heard
armies were coming from Aleppo and Mosul
Retreated to Antioch, Acre and Jerusalem
Kings went back in disgrace, suspicious of
Byzantines
Reconquista
• The only success of
2nd Crusade
• 1147 – Pope
expanded crusade
to Iberian
peninsula to kick
out Moors
• Siege of Lisbon Crusaders from
Britain helped King
Alfonso I of
Portugal take
Lisbon
Saladin
• Kurdish, Most legendary
Muslim military leader of all
time
• After 2nd Crusade, 40 years
of “peace”, Saladin united
Egypt and Syria
• Reginald of Chatillon took a
small army and tried to
attack Mecca itself, ignited
Saladin’s anger (1183)
• 1186 – Reginald attacked a
caravan and kidnapped
Saladin’s sister, Saladin
infuriated
Saladin, cont.
• 1187 – Battle at Hittin, Saladin
defeated Reginald and King Guy
of Jerusalem
• True Cross was captured
• Saladin took Acre without a fight
• Took Jerusalem in 12 days
• Freed all inhabitants by ransom,
donated his personal treasure to
widows, kings and nobles let go,
forced to vow not to fight again
• Jews allowed to return to
Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
restored
• 1188 - Chose not to take Tyre,
Antioch, Tripoli, he retired
Third Crusade, 1189-1192
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News of fall of Jerusalem
caused it almost immediately
Frederick Barbarossa, Holy
Roman Emperor
1190 - Richard I The Lion Heart
of England and Philip Augustus
of France led the Normans,
both took sea route
Barbarossa drowned on way to
Acre, Richard took Cyprus from
Byzantines
Richard and Philip met at Acre
1191 - Took Acre in a few weeks
Richard let the civilians go
home, Christians were restored
the True Cross, Philip Augustus
went home
Richard I vs. Saladin
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1191 – stalemate at Arsuf
Conrad offered to become Saladin’s ally and take
Acre back for Muslims , Saladin refused
1192 - Saladin offered peace agreement that
included half of Jerusalem
Richard marched within 12 miles of Jerusalem,
Saladin poisoned the wells
Richard retired to Acre but when Saladin took Jaffa,
he rejoined the fight
1192 – retook Jaffa, Saladin came late with a much
larger force, seeing Richard fighting on foot, he
sent him a horse
Richard sued for peace
Saladin sent him fruit for his fever
Richard could keep all coastal cities he conquered
Muslims keep Jerusalem
Free travel for civilians of both sides
Pilgrims protected in Jerusalem
Both sides celebrated
Richard’s note, Saladin’s reply
The Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204
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Pope Innocent III called for it, Fulk de
Neuilly preached
Philip Augustus and Richard decided not to
go
New strategy, conquer Egypt and then
approach Jerusalem from the south
Venetians were paid to take armies to
Egypt
Armies gathered in Venice, not enough
money for the travel fee
Doge Dandolo forgave the remaining
balance IF the Crusaders took Zara, now
held by Hungary (Christian) for Venice
Innocent denounced the plan, but the
Crusaders ignored him, took it in five days
Venice plotted to attack Constantinople
1195 – Isaac had been deposed by brother
Alexius III, Isaac’s son Young Alexius fled to
Germany, then asked Doge Dandolo to
restore him to throne of Constantinople
In return, Crusaders get money, provisions,
soldiers, AND Orthodox Church will submit
to the Pope of Rome
Sack of Constantinople
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The Pope had written a letter warning the
army not to attack Constantinople
The clergy kept the letter secret
Crusaders offered ultimatum, Alexius III
refused, Crusaders landed, Alexius III fled to
Thrace
Greek nobles allowed the new Alexius to be
crowed Alexius IV, not knowing the terms of
the Venetian deal
A prince assassinated Alexius IV and took
throne as Alexius V
Crusaders laid siege, took the city in one
month, Alexius V fled
Pillaging
French became official language of
Constantinople
Carved up empire among Latin nobles
Venice took every major port
Greek clergy replaced by Latins
All services in Latin
Children’s Crusade and 5th Crusade
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1212 - Nicholas led 30,000 children from
Germany to Genoa
Stephen led 20,000 children from France to
Marseille, seven ships agreed to take them,
five made it to Egypt
Frederick II hanged the shipowners
Innocent III again appealed to council to send
a crusade
1217 – Fifth Crusade left under Hungarian
King Andrew and landed in Egypt, took
Damietta in one year
Sultan Malik al-Kamil offered most of
Jerusalem, liberation of prisoners and return
of True Cross
Christians demanded more and war
resumed, reinforcements never came
8-year truce gave Christians little more than
just True Cross
Sixth Crusade
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1228 - Led by Frederick II, HRE, who
was excommunicate for failing to
reinforce last Crusade
Christians in Palestine shunned him
He decided to sit down and talk
with al-Kamil
1229 – Two rulers signed a treaty
giving Frederick Acre, Jaffa, Sidon,
Nazareth, Bethlehem and all of
Jerusalem except Dome of the Rock,
10-year truce, all prisoners freed
Pope Gregory IX did not ratify the
treaty
1244 - After Frederick left,
Christians in Palestine took control
of Jerusalem and allied with Syria
against Egypt
Sultan allied with Turks who
captured Jerusalem and killed
everyone
Baibars of Egypt took Gaza and all of
Palestine was Muslim again
Seventh Crusade
• 1248 - Louis IX tried to
reconcile Pope and Frederick
to no avail
• Led French Crusaders to
Damietta, took it easily, stuck
in Egypt six months due to
flooding
• 1250 – routed at Mansura,
Louis taken hostage,
ransomed, stayed at Acre,
failed attempts at getting
reinforcements, returned to
France in 1254
• 8th Crusade – Louis IX died in
Tunisia
• Canonized St. Louis