Transcript World History Standard #1 Part II

World History
Standard #1
Part II
The Roman Empire Divided
 During the third century (the 200s) the
Roman Empire was becoming culturally
divided.
 The Eastern half of the Empire was actually
more wealthy than the West.
 By 284 when Diocletian became emperor
he realized that the empire had become
too large for one man to govern effectively.
 In 285 Diocletian split the Empire in half so
that it would be ruled by two emperors.
 Because the eastern half had greater wealth
and trade he kept that half for himself.
 He chose another emperor for the Western half
who in theory was equal to Diocletian but
actually followed Diocletian’s wishes.
 By 324 Constantine had gained control of both
halves of the Roman Empire and moved the
capital of the single empire to the eastern city
of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople.
 Constantine had planned for his three sons to
rule parts of his empire after his death but
competition between his sons led to another
period of conflict.
The Byzantine Empire
 In 395 the empire was once again divided this
time permanently.
 The Eastern Roman Empire eventually became
known as the Byzantine Empire.
 It was centered at Constantinople.
 It included much of Eastern Europe and parts of
Western Asia.
 As the western Roman Empire declined, the
Byzantine empire grew in importance, and
remained an important power in Europe until
the eleventh century.
Byzantine Empire Continued
 In 1071 the Byzantine Empire was defeated by
the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 10
years they had lost most of Asia Minor.
 In 1453 the Byzantine Empire came to an end
when Constantinople was conquered by the
Ottoman Turks.
 The Byzantine Emperor was an absolute ruler
and his rule was supported by the Christian
Church in the region which became the Eastern
Orthodox Church after the Great Schism (split in
the Roman Catholic Church in 1054)
Justinian I
 Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565.
 His general reconquered Italy and North
Africa.
 He commissioned the “Great Digest” of
Roman Law which resulted in Justinian’s
Code.
 Justinian’s Code became a basis for many
future legal systems.
 Justinian built many public works, including
the great Cathedral, the Hagia Sophia
which later became a mosque.
Expansion of
Islam
Birth of Islam
 Islam began in the Seventh Century when the
Prophet Muhammad began to have visions.
 Muhammad was born in Mecca Islam’s holiest
city.
 In A.D. 622 Muhammad was forced to flee
Mecca to Medina in what is called the Hijrah.
 After winning converts in Medina,
Muhammad returned to Mecca and
conquered the city in 630.
Birth of Islam Continued
Muhammad died two years later but
by that time Muslims (followers of the
Islamic religion) controlled most of the
Arabian Peninsula.
After Muhammad’s death his
successor Abu Bakr ordered all of
Muhammad’s words, spoken during
his visions, gathered into a holy book
the Koran (Quran).
The Five Pillars of Islam
 Believe and testify that there is no god but Allah
(Arabic word for God) and Muhammad is his
prophet.
 Pray five times a day facing Mecca.
 Give Alms (charity) to the poor.
 Fast during the daylight hours of the holy month
of Ramadan.
 Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, if you can afford
it, sometime during your lifetime. (The Hajj)
Other Muslim Duties
 Forbidden from eating pork and drinking wine.
 Not permitted to marry non-Muslims.
 A mosque is a Muslim house of worship.
 Women lived a subordinate life in early Islamic
culture & in some Muslim cultures today.
 Muhammad taught that there would be a day
of judgment. Unbelievers and Muslims who did
not meet their religious duties would suffer
eternal judgment.
Jihad
 Muhammad taught a concept of Jihad. The term
Jihad means “striving in the cause of God.”
 Jihad is often translated as “holy war” but this is
misleading.
 Jihad is divided into two categories, the greater and
the lesser.
 The greater Jihad is the warfare in oneself against evil
or temptation.
 The lesser Jihad is the defense of Islam.
 There is much controversy over the lesser Jihad. It
does seem true that the concept of Jihad was
important in the early spread of Islam.
More on Jihad
 The intent was not to force conversion on
anyone; this is forbidden by the Koran, there
“cannot be compulsion in religion.”
 The object of the lesser Jihad in early Islam was
to gain political control of over societies and run
them in accordance with the principles of Islam.
 This concept helped contribute to the rapid
spread of the Islamic empire.
 The Arab Muslims gave their conquered subjects
the choice to convert to Islam or pay a
reasonable tax.
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
 The successors to Muhammad and the leaders
of the Muslim world were called Caliphs.
 The first four Caliphs who all knew Muhammad
personally were know as the Orthodox Caliphate
or the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
 Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, was the fourth
Caliph and last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
 Ali’s rival Mu’awiyah, the governor of Syria,
blamed Ali for encouraging the murder of his
uncle Uthman, who had been the third Caliph.
The Umayyad Dynasty
 Ali tried to depose Mu’awiyah as the
governor or Syria. The Syrian soldiers
tied pages of the Koran to the tips of
their lances and charged yelling “let
Allah decide.” Ali backed down not
wanting strike and enemy bearing the
word of God.
 Ali was killed by a disillusioned follower.
Mu’awiyah became the next Caliph,
the first from the Umayyad dynasty.
Sunnis versus Shiites
 Followers of Ali (believed he should have
been the first Caliph), who did not accept
Mu’awiyah’s rule were called Shiites.
 When Mu’awiyah died the Shiites claimed
the Caliphate for Ali’s son Husayn
(Muhammad’s grandson).
 Umayyad soldiers massacred Husayn and all
his family and followers.
 Those who accepted Mu’awiyah and the
Umayyad Caliphate became known as the
Sunnis.
More Sunnis versus Shiites
 The Shiites opposed the Umayyad Caliphate and
said that the Caliphate should only be held by
descendants of Muhammad through his
daughter Fatima and her husband Ali.
 Shiites also stressed the Imam’s power as spiritual
leader.
 The result of this conflict was a permanent
division in Islam.
 Over the years hostility increased between the
Shiites and Sunnis (Orthodox Muslims).
The Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate
 The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) conquered North
Africa and Spain.
 It was under the Umayyads that the Muslims were
turned back in Tours France.
 Non-Arab Muslims were discriminated against in the
Umayyad Caliphate. Shiites allied with non-Arab
Muslims and helped overthrow the Umayyad
caliphate.
 The new Caliph was a descendant of Muhammad’s
Uncle Abbas started the Abbasid Caliphate (7501055)
 After coming to power the Abbasids persecuted the
Shiites.
Breakup of the Islamic Empire
 When the Umayyads were overthrown in 750,
one Umayyad escaped and started a separate
Umayyad kingdom in Spain.
 From 756-868 the Islamic empire broke into
smaller parts.
 In 945 the Caliph lost political power. The Caliph
was still the religious leader but political power
was held by the Sultan.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasids moved the
capital from Damascus
(where the Umayyads had
moved it from Mecca) to
Baghdad.
The Abbasids made
Baghdad center for the arts
and sciences.
Seljuk Turks
 Moved into the Muslim empire and
converted to Islam.
 In 1055 they captured Baghdad and
replaced the Arabs as the ruling class in
Islam.
 They defeated the Byzantine Empire in
1071 at the Battle of Manzikert.
 Within 10 years they controlled all of
Asia Minor.
Crusades
1095 to 1291
Start of the Crusades
 The Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem and closed
the city to Jewish and Christian pilgrims.
 The Seljuks also threatened the Byzantine Empire
especially Constantinople.
 The Byzantine Emperor wrote the Pope in 1095
requesting military assistance from the West.
 Reports of persecution against Christians gave added
urgency to the emperor’s request.
 In 1095 Pope Urban II, in Clermont, France, calls on all
Christians in Europe to war against the Muslims to
reclaim the Holy Land with a cry of “God wills it.”
The First Crusade
 All Crusaders were promised immediate salvation if
they were killed freeing the Holy Land from nonChristians.
 The People’s crusade or the Peasant Crusade
organized by Peter the Hermit did not wait for the
official departure of the Crusade but started off on
their own.
 The Peasant Crusade was responsible for what is
sometimes called the first Holocaust as the people’s
crusaders engaged in pogroms (mass killing of Jews)
in what is today Germany.
 The Peasant Crusade was crushed in Nicaea in Asia
Minor and all the crusaders were either forced to
convert to Islam and enslaved or slaughtered.
First Crusade Continued
 The noble portion of the First Crusade was led by
three knights who led three armies.
 In 1099 the First Crusade reached Jerusalem and
after a siege of two months took the city.
 Many knights returned home. Those who stayed
set up feudal states in Syria and Palestine.
 Contact between the Crusaders and the more
sophisticated civilizations of the Byzantines and
the Muslims would continue for the next 100
years and helped end the cultural isolation of
western Europe.
The Second Crusade
 Less than 50 years after the first
Crusade, the Seljuks conquered part
of the Crusader States in Palestine.
 Pope Eugenius IV called for a second
Crusade.
 This crusade led by a French King and
the Holy Roman Emperor was easily
defeated by the Turks.
Third Crusade
 A Muslim leader named Saladin united Muslim forces
and captured Jerusalem in 1187.
 The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King
Philip Augustus of France, and Richard I of England
led the Third Crusade or the Crusade of Kings from
1189 to 1192.
 In the end only Richard continued to Jerusalem.
 After three years of fighting Richard signed a truce
with Saladin.
 Richard could not persuade Saladin to turn over
Jerusalem to the Christians but Saladin did allow
Christian Pilgrims access to the city.
Other Crusades
 Other Crusades followed in the 1200s but none
succeeded in winning permanent Christian
control of Palestine.
 Muslims slowly recaptured all the Christian
territories in Palestine.
 In 1291 they captured Acre, the last Christian
stronghold in Palestine.
 By this time Europeans had lost sight of the
religious goal of the Crusades and thus rulers lost
interest in regaining the Palestine and the
Crusades ended.
Effects of the Crusades
 In Europe the Crusades helped break down feudalism
and increased the authority of kings.
 Europeans contact with the more advanced
Byzantine and Muslim Civilizations helped bring
classical texts back to the West.
 This knowledge fueled renewed interest in literature
and the arts in the West.
 European Cities especially Venice and Genoa in Italy
became more prosperous and powerful due to
trading in the Mediterranean.
 Contact with the East spurred a desire for luxury
goods like spices, sugar, and silk.
 The Europeans learned new technology from the
Crusades.
The Black Death
 Medieval towns had almost no sanitation.
 This caused the rapid spread of diseases such as
diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malaria.
 In crowded towns such diseases often turned into
epidemics and took many lives.
 The worst of these epidemics the bubonic
plague/Black Death ravaged Europe between 1348
and 1350 killing one third of the population.
 Originating in China it was carried on flea infested rats
on ships trading in the West.
 The Black Death worked against the development of
cities in Northwestern Europe and delayed the arrival
of the Renaissance.
The Ottoman Empire
 Osman announced the independence of his
own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in
1299.
 The Ottoman Turks take their name from
Osman.
 The Ottomans began to build a state out of
the declining Byzantine Empire.
 In 1345 the crossed to the Balkan Peninsula
and in 1453 they conquered Constantinople.
 They renamed Constantinople Istanbul and
made it their capital.
Suleiman I
 The Ottoman Empire reached its zenith under
the rule of Suleiman I (1520-1566).
 He was called “the Magnificent” by Europeans
and “the Lawgiver” by his subjects.
 Suleiman acted as both the Sultan (the political
ruler) and the Caliph (the religious ruler).
 He expanded the empire to Hungary in Europe,
to Persia in the East and as far West as Algeria in
North Africa.
 Himself a poet and a goldsmith Suleiman was a
great patron of the arts and culture overseeing
the golden age of Ottoman culture.