Transcript Unit Three

Unit Three
The Middle East and Asia in the
Medieval Age
The Rise of Islam
Chapter 10
Rise of Islam - Terms
1. Muhammad – born into a powerful Meccan
family, spent time alone in prayer &
meditation; at the age of 40 he heard a
voice while meditating, according to Muslim
belief, the voice was that of the angel
Gabriel, who told Muhammad that he was
the messenger of Allah; Muhammad began
to teach that Allah was the one & only God
and that all other gods must be abandoned
2. Allah
3. Islam
4. Muslim
5. Hijrah
6. mosque
7. hajj
8. Qu’ran
9. Sunna
10. Shari'a
The Arabian Peninsula
1. access to three continents: Europe, Asia
and Africa
2. access to Oceans and Rivers
3. harsh landscape
Desert Life
1. Bedouins – desert nomads; honor and
family very important
2. trade routes in the desert
•
caravans – horse & camel trains of merchants,
baggage & guards
Mecca
1. location of the Ka’aba
2. according to Muslims,
built by Abraham and
Ishmael (Isma’il)
3. many religions found
in Arabia in 6th
Century AD: Judaism,
Christianity,
Paganism
Muhammad
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•
born around 570 AD
became a trader, married his boss
at the age of 40, he began having visions of the
angel Gabriel, who he thought was a messenger of
Allah, “God”
Islam – Submission to Allah; Muslim – One who
submits
began preaching in Mecca
his monotheistic message was unpopular with town
leaders
The Hijrah and Return
1. in 622, Muhammad and his supporters
moved to Yathrib
2. after solidifying his support, he began
raiding Meccan caravans
3. in 630, Mecca surrendered and he
destroyed the idols at the Ka’aba
4. Muhammad: both a spiritual and military
leader
5. he died 2 years later (632)
The Beliefs of Islam
1. The Five Pillars
A. Shahadah – testimony of faith
B. Salat – prayer five times a day
facing Mecca
C. Zakat – giving alms to the poor
D. Sawm – fasting during Ramadan
E. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
2. sources of authority
A. Qur’an (Koran) – Muhammad’s revelations, believed
by Muslims to be the literal word of God
B. Sunnah – “way of the prophet,” stories about
Muhammad’s life
C. Shar’ia – Islamic law, regulates individual, family
and community law (no separation of church and
state)
D. Jihad
3. links to Christianity and Judaism
A. regard Allah as the god of Jews and Christians
B. Jesus was a prophet, not divine
C. Muhammad was the final prophet
Rise of Islam - Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arabic term for God
Islamic place of worship
a pilgrimage to Mecca
the holy book of Islam
one who submits
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Muslim
hajj
mosque
Islam
Allah
Qur’an
Islam Expands
1. Muhammad’s sudden death left
succession in question
2. took the title “caliph”
“Rightly Guided Caliphs”
1. Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s father in law
2. Umar – conquered Jerusalem; compiled
the Quran
3. Uthman – killed by supporters of Ali
4. Ali – Muhammad’s son in law,
overthrown by the Ummayads
Expansion
1. expand west into Egypt,
and north into Syria
- take Jerusalem from the
Byzantines, build the Dome of
the Rock mosque
2. expand eastward, conquer
the Persian Empire
3. religious tolerance for
“people of the book” (Jews
and Christians) – with
restrictions
4. North African Muslims, called Moors,
conquer Spain, stopped in France (Battle
of Tours)
5. Why did Islam expand so fast? weakness
of Byzantines & Persians; unification of
previously feuding Arab tribes
Internal Conflict
1. Muawiya (governor of Syria and Uthman’s
cousin) claimed the caliphate over Ali
2. Ali assassinated, Muawiya moved capital to
Damascus. The Umayyad Dynasty begins
3. Shi’a Muslims – Ali should have been first
Caliph, Caliphs should be descended from
Muhammad
4. Sunni Islams – Four Caliphs were correctly
chosen
The Abassids
1. put together support from many groups who
despise the Umayyads
2. take power in 750
3. move capital to newly built city of Baghdad
4. Abassid caliphate lasts until 1258
5. Muslim unity broken before then: Umayyads
still in Spain, Fatimids (Shi’ites) in Egypt
Chapter 11
Byzantines, Russians and Mongols, Oh My!
Terms to Know
1. Justinian – Byzantine nobleman who
succeeded his uncle to the throne of the
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) in
527
2. Justinian Code - the body of Roman civil
law collected and organized by order of
the Byzantine emperor Justinian around
A.D. 534
3. Hagia Sophia - the Cathedral of Holy
Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order
of the Byzantine emperor Justinian
4. patriarch - a principal bishop in the
eastern branch of Christianity
5. icon - a religious image used by eastern
Christians
6. excommunication - the taking away of a
person’s right of membership in a
Christian church
7. Cyrillic alphabet - an alphabet for the
writing of Slavic languages, devised in
the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and
Methodius
Byzantine Empire
1. Eastern Roman Empire – capital at
Constantinople
2. they did not call themselves “Byzantines”
3. called themselves “Romans”
4. spoke Greek
Location of Byzantines
Justinian
1. reigned from 527-565
2. Justinian Code
3. reconquered Italy and
North Africa (General
Belasarius)
4. powerful wife, Theodora
5. expanded the empire, but
maybe at too great a cost
Eastern Orthodox Church
1. conflict between Roman Church
& Eastern Church
2. Roman Church: headed by a
pope, elected by cardinals
3. Eastern Church: headed by a
patriarch, appointed by
Byzantine emperor
4. spoke Greek, use of icons
(ikons)
5. led to a schism in 1054 between
Greek church and Rome
End of Byzantines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bubonic Plague in 542
Justinian died in 565 – his conquests were lost
Islamic expansion took Egypt, Syria, Jerusalem
sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Crusaders
by 1300s, the Byzantine Empire was just
Constantinople and a strip of the Balkans
6. fell to the Turks in 1453
7. Byzantine (def) - characterized by elaborate
scheming and intrigue, esp. for the gaining of
political power or favor
The Russians
1. area inhabited by Slavs
2. trade connected Vikings in north to
Byzantine Empire
3. Vikings, called themselves Rus settled in
the area, mixed with Slavs
Early Russian Civilization
1. city of Kiev founded by Vikings
2. converted to Christianity (Eastern
Orthodox) under Vladimir in 989
3. Mongol invasions in 1240. Rule until 1480
4. Russian nobles like Alexander Nevsky
became vassals of the Mongols
Mongol Conquests – Terms to
Know
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
pastoralist
clan
Genghis Khan (331)
Pax Mongolica
Kublai Khan (335)
Marco Polo (337)
The Mongol Conquests
1.
2.
3.
4.
Steppe Society north of China
pastoral nomadism
The Five Snouts
horses, ox, goats, camels and pigs
Chinggis Khan
1. born in 1165(?)
2. united the tribes of Mongolia (Mongols,
Kerieds, Tatars) in 1205
3. turned south to Jin empire in China
4. in 1218, moved west into Persia
(Khurasan Empire)
5. died in 1225, while dealing with an
uprising by the Xi-Xia
The Empire Expands
1. after Chinggis’ death, his sons continued
the conquest
2. 1230s – conquered rest of Jin China
3. 1240s – moved into Poland and Hungary
4. 1250s – Middle East – destroyed the
Assassins, sacked Baghdad, ended the
Abbasid Caliphate
5. 1260 – stopped in Egypt by Mamluks
Mongol Expansion
Running the Empire
1. empire split into four khanates
A. Khanate of Great Khan (China)
B. Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia)
C. Golden Horde (Russia)
D. Ilkhanate – Middle East
2. established free trade, safe highways,
postal system
The Mongol Empire – Late 1400s
Kublai Khan
1. grandson of Chinggis, finished conquering
southern China (Song Empire)
2. established capital at Peking
3. separation from Chinese – Kublai’s closest
advisors were Persians and Europeans
4. Marco Polo – Italian trader
5. Mongol rule in China lasts until 1368
Legacy of the Mongols
• See Digging for the Truth: Genghis Khan
video