Transcript Muslim & Mongol Empires

Muslim & Mongol Empires
(500-1350 AD)
I. Rise of Islam –monotheistic religion
centered in the Middle East (people who
follow Islam are called Muslims)
A. Muhammad- in 610 became prophet of
God (Allah), by 622 he and his followers
expelled from Arabian city of Mecca
1. In 630 Muhammad & followers defeat
Mecca, all of Arabia converted to Islam by
Muhammad’s death in 632 AD
2. Islamic faith- holy book Qur’an, built
mosques, emphasis on jihad (holy war),
traditional values
Al-Haram Mosque (Saudi Arabia)
Kaaba
Dome of the Rock Mosque (Israel/Palestine)
Interior of the
Dome of the Rock
Mosque
B. Spread of Islam- successors to
Muhammad called caliphs (powerful
religious/political/military leaders)
1. Umar leads Arab armies that
convert/conquer the Middle East, North
Africa, India, Spain
Expansion of Islam
The Franks battle the Muslims at
the battle of Tours in 732 AD
C. Division- Umar’s successors murdered,
Islam broken into 2 branches: Sunni &
Shi’ah
1. Sunni- believed best man should be
selected caliph
2. Shi’ah- wanted only descendents of the
first caliphs to lead the faith
*Based on what you know, which branch of
Islam (Sunni/ Shi’ah) do you think has
more members today? Why?
D. Islamic civilization & culture
1. Traders- silk, cotton, wool, carpets,
jewelry, metalwork, perfume, swords,
glassware, spices, leather, pottery
The Alhambra (Spain)
2. Spread Arabic language, all laws based
on Qur’an, father given all authority,
stressed basic morals
Arabic Writing
Arabic Alphabet
E. Science- combine knowledge from
Greece/Rome/India/China, established
advanced universities
1. Medicine- catalogued diseases,
performed operations
2. Math- developed number system based
on 10, later created algebra (from Al-jabr)
XVIII
XXIV
18
24
Astrolabe
F. Decline- Unity/power of early Arab Islamic
empire broken
1. Many Muslim cities destroyed by Mongols
(12-1300’s)
G. By 1100, Turks dominate the Muslim
world, begin the Ottoman Empire, &
conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
Constantinople Becomes Istanbul (1453)
Hagia Sofia (Turkey)
INTERIOR OF THE HAGIA
SOPHIA
1. Ottomans conquer SE Europe and reach
their peak in the 1500’s under Sultan
Suleiman (“the Magnificent”)
Suleimaniye Mosque (Turkey)
Ottoman Empire (1000-1700)
Islam Today
II. Mongols- warlike, nomadic people
originated from central Asia
A. Mongol tribes united by Genghis Khan
around 1200, used mounted cavalry in fast
attacks to win an empire
Genghis Khan
Mongol Homeland
Karakorum
Mongol Cavalry In Battle
The Mongol Bow
B. Conquest- by early 1200’s Genghis
conquered Northern China, and much of
Asia
1. Grandson Kublai added rest of China,
Middle East, Russia, and parts of Eastern
Europe killing millions
Mongol Expansion (1200-1300)
Mongol Empire
2. Rule- largest land empire in history,
heavily taxed conquered people, 1st to use
paper money, helped to restore world
trade, tolerant of various cultures
C. Decline- by 1400’s many Mongols were
absorbed into local populations, empire
disintegrated
1. China regained independence with the
Ming Dynasty (ruled 1368-1644)