Transcript Chapter 2 notes

CHAPTER 2
THE EXPANSION OF TRADE
Focus: Geography, Economy and Society
 Focus Question: What impact might increased
trade and business have on a society’s
worldview?
-Marco Polo p.39
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7blZYW5E
Dc
goethetc.blogspot.com
THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Italy was described as
“____________________________________”
 The “____________” was the route used that
connected the civilizations from the
Mediterranean in the west to the Pacific Ocean
in the east.
 Not only trades passed along this route, but the
exchange of _______and__________________.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05VV9F8sa4&feature=player_embedded
THE CRUSADES AND TRADE
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Causes of the Crusades: Jerusalem and the area around
it was, and still is, sacred to the___________,________,
and_______. Christians called this area the____ _____.
Christian pilgrimages were made nearly impossible by
the Turks in the 1100’s. As well, European rulers often
used successes in warfare as a way to gain_______;
__________helped to finance the wars, because they
might gain access to rich trade routes that connected
with_________.
By 1096, the Byzantine Empire was attacked and they
asked the _______for help…the Pope responded and the
First Crusade began.
THE FIRST CRUSADE(1096-1099)
Several European armies started out for the
Byzantine capital of _____________and planed to
attack Palestine from there. Many crusaders did
not take enough supplies; tens of thousands died
on the way, and some were
_____________and_____________. Still many
were ready to attack Palestine.
 Christian forces took over the cities of Antioch and
Nicaea, and captured ___________in 1099. They
divided the conquered land into 4 Crusader states:
Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem.
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THE SECOND CRUSADE (1147-1149)
Muslim Turks recaptured the Edessa State in
1144….________ and _________ armies went on
the Crusade, but were defeated by the Muslims.
 Christians kept control of the other states, partly
because of disagreements among the Muslim
leader; however this changed in the late 1100’s
with the rise of a new Muslim Leader (_________
____________). In 1187, he had a large enough
force to attack the Crusader States….he
recaptured Jerusalem.
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THE THIRD CRUSADE (1189-1192)
After Jerusalem was recaptured, the _____ sought
after another Crusade…some of the most powerful
leaders in Europe went (like Richard the LionHearted…..remember Robin Hood). This Crusade
was as successful as the First; however, they did
not recapture Jerusalem.
 In 1192 Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce;
however, in return, Saladin agreed to allow
Christian ________________to Jerusalem.
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THE FOURTH CRUSADE (1202-1204)
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The _________did not last. To pay the Italian
Traders for transporting them, the Crusaders
agreed to ________ the Byzantine city of Zara,
they then defeated Constantinople to have a
political ally in charge of the Byzantine Empire.
The Pope was ________ with them for attacking
Christian cities, but could do nothing to stop
them. The Crusaders did not continue after
this, and the Byzantine Empire was weakened
as a result of this Crusade.
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
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Contact with the Muslim Civilization
- the Muslim world was more __________. Europeans
were exposed to new ideas about ___________,
_____________, ____________, ____________, and
__________ ______. The Muslims also invited
contributions of Christian and Jewish scholars…which
resulted in advances in learning.
Trade
- New goods, like oil, spices, and new fruit came from
the Muslim would….Europeans wanted more of these
_______….leading to increase in _________ with Europe
and the East. This helped European towns to grow and
made merchants even more _____________.
GOODS FROM THE EAST
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New ____________ goods became
available after the Crusades.
International trade was on the rise
for these goods….things like
precious jewels, rugs and fabrics.
The most valuable and sought after
goods were __________. It improved
the taste of food and could also
increase the food’s _____________.
Peppercorns were so valuable that it
was worth more than _________ and
each peppercorn was counted out by
merchants.
Most ships with these goods landed
in _________ and __________, and
every merchants flocked to get there.
They then took the goods to other
cities and trading centers to sell.
MOVING GOODS AND RESOURCES
Moving goods was a ________ expense…and
options were limited (not like today). Ships
moved across the coast, boats along rivers, and
by horse, ox, or mule overland.
 During this time there was trade for
_____________ available within Europe, and for
luxury goods from the ___________.
 Page 43 in text
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ITALIAN CITY STATES
European countries did not look like they do
today….the borders were much different.
Some, like Italy, weren’t _______________ yet.
 Most countries were more like ___________ or
empires ruled by _______________.
 Italy was a collections of city-states (a city that
is politically ______________ and the ________
area around it.) This rural area was called the
hinterland.
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SUCCESS OF CITY-STATES
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________________ played a big role in the
economic success of cities (like Florence).
Italian cities became the wealthiest cities in
___________. Geography, climate, leadership,
and social organizations help account for this
________________.
GEOGRAPHY (ITALIAN CITY-STATES)
Italy was the closest to the _________ cities of
Northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean
Sea (this is where __________ and most
luxurious goods came for _____________).
 __________________ of those luxurious goods
was easier for traders of the ___________
States, than for other traders in Europe.
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CLIMATE (ITALIAN CITY-STATES)
The climate is __________ (warmer) than other
European countries….this meant weather did
not _______________ trade.
 Had _____________ growing seasons (like
grapes and olives).
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LEADERSHIP (ITALIAN CITY-STATES)
Northern Italy was a collection of
____________City-States. They had their own
____________ and ____________; unlike the
rest of Europe, where they were ruled by
monarchies.
 Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa became
the _____________ banking, trading, and
business centers of Europe.
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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION (ITALIAN CITY-STATES)
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Since ___________ wasn’t strong here…nobles
moved to towns and joined up with the
businessmen and politicians…they joined
__________ upper class.
COMPETITION FOR TRADE
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All the city-states wanted to expand their trade and
business…there was a fierce ___________________ for this.
This was especially true for who ________________ the trade
routes.
Venice was easily protected from invaders, as it was a group
of islands in a ______________(from ancient times). It was
great for trade as thousands of ships travelled through to get
out to the ___________________ Sea. The Venice Arsenal
became the largest ship building center in Europe.
Genoa had trade ports in the Eastern Mediterranean and the
___________ Sea. They controlled trade with Spanish ports.
However, Venice and Genoa fought in 1380, Venice
_________________ the Genoese fleet in a naval
battle…Genoa never regained its previous _______________.
COMMERCE IN CITY-STATES
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Merchants made __________ by buying goods one place
and selling them for higher prices somewhere else. The
bought ready made goods as well as raw resources.
The ___________ family were strong merchants!
P.51: Doing Business
Like in England and France, there was a revolt in
Florence; however, it was against the ciompi (wool
carders). The __________ did not belong to a ________,
and wanted to form their own; however, they were
_____________ doing this by the government and large
guilds (run by wealthy merchants). The ciompi then
called for an uprising of the lower classes. They took
over the __________________ for a short while, then
were defeated by the large guilds.
MAKING MONEY WITH MONEY
__________, like merchants, brought money into
the cities. “Florin” actually became the most
important currency in Europe during the
Renaissance.
 The practice of ____________ (charging interest)
came about, and played a huge part in creating
wealth. In the middle ages, the church thought
this was ____________. However, because of the
increase in International trade, money was being
tied up for years; and to _____________ trade, the
church began to allow the charging of interest for
trade that involved risk (like travelling unsafe
waters….aka…_________________).
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City-states were _________________, especially
politics….everyone wanted more ______; including:
nobles, bankers, wealthy merchants families,
shopkeepers, _______________. In order to do
trade (and increase wealth) these people began to
support those that could promise them some sort
of _________________.
 Florence began to compete with other cities in
____________…and travelled around Europe doing
business. This exposed all of Europe to the Italian
_________________ (who had been exposed to
more of the outside world). Europeans loved the
art, cities and worldly knowledge of Italy; therefore,
Italian values and ideas spread across Europe.
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THE MEDICI FAMILY
The most _____________ and ______________
family in Italy.
 They made their fortune as _________ and
_______ merchants and ___________.
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ECONOMICS AND CITIZENSHIP
After the black _________, the economy went
into a depression until the 1500’s.
 Merchants and bankers grew _____________
because of trade and commerce.
 Wealthy people spent their money on the
______, and these citizens helped contribute to
the _________________ of their cities. This
encouraged ________ and _________ in the
people.
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