Transcript services - Internet2

Internet2: A Tutorial
Part 4 of 4
17th Brazilian Symposium
on
Computer Networks
Paul Love, Internet2
Chair, I2 Topology WG
[email protected]
QoS
Internet2 QBone:
Building a Testbed for IP
Differentiated Services
with thanks to
Ben Teitelbaum, Internet2
Generic Internet2 Topology
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GigaPoP
GigaPoP
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vBNS
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GigaPoP
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ESNet, NREN,
Int’l, ...
NGIXs
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Abilene
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GigaPoP
GigaPoP
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SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
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GigaPoP
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Internet2 QoS WG
Membership
• Osama Aboul-Magd
(Nortel/Bay)
• Andy Adamson (Michigan)
• Grenville Armitage
(Lucent)
• Steve Blake (Torrent)
• Scott Bradner (Harvard)
• Scott Brim (Newbridge)
• Larry Conrad (Florida
State)
• John Coulter (CA*net2)
• Chuck Song / Laura
Cunningham (MCI/vBNS)
• Fred Baker / Larry Dunn
(Cisco)
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Rüdiger Geib (Deutsche Telekom)
Terry Gray (U Washington)
Jim Grisham (NYSERNet)
Roch Guerin (Penn)
Susan Hares (Merit)
Joseph Lappa (CMU)
Jay Kistler (FORE)
Klara Narhsteadt (UIC)
Kathleen Nichols (IETF
coordination)
Ken Pierce (3com)
John Sikora (ATT Labs)
Ben Teitelbaum (chair)
John Wroclawski (MIT)
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Internet2 QoS Mandate
Requirements
Goals
• Enables applications
• Scales
• Interoperable (interdomains &
multi-vendor)
• Administratable
• Measurable
• Deployable soon
• Works with host OSs and
evolving middleware
infrastructure
• Cost effective
• Dynamic, per-flow requests
• QoS and CoS
• Ability to schedule advanced
reservations
• Eventually multicast ;-)
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Big Problem #1: Understanding
Application Requirements
• What services do tomorrow’s
applications need?
• Range of poorly-understood needs
•
• Both intolerant apps (e.g. teleimmersion) and tolerant apps (e.g.
large FTPs, desktop video
conferencing)
• Many apps need absolute, per-flow
QoS assurances
• Adaptive apps may require a minimum
level of QoS, but can exploit additional
network resources if available
• Some institutions/users want multiple
classes of best-efforts service (CoS)
with relative precedence levels
Better
Good
Bad
Different App Needs
Need better understanding through experience
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Big Problem #2: Scalability
Lots of
flows here!
• Convergence of flows on the core means:
• Large numbers of flows through each router
• High forwarding rate requirements
• Need to support QoS end-to-end, but keep
per-flow state & packet forwarding overhead
out of the core
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Big Problem #3: Interoperability
Campus
Networks
... between separately
administered and
designed clouds ...
GigaPoPs
… and between
multiple
implementations of
network elements ...
GigaPoPs
Backbone Networks
(vBNS, Abilene, …)
… is crucial if we are
to provide end-to-end
QoS.
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Campus
Networks
DiffServ for Internet2
• July 1997 - February 1998
• QoS Working Group struggled to understand
needs of advanced applications
• Reaction against RSVP complexity gives rise to
Differentiated Services - a scalable, light-weight
framework for QoS
• May 1998
• WG recommends DiffServ focus for Internet2
QoS
• First Internet2 Joint Applications/Engineering
Workshop, Santa Clara, CA (report on web site)
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
RSVP vs DiffServ
RSVP
•Per-flow service state at every hop
•Scalability problems
•Focus on multicast
BB
DiffServ
BB
•Abstract/manage each cloud’s resources (BBs)
•Packets colored with “behavior”
•Focus on aggregates not flows
•Policing at edge to get services
DiffServ Overview
• Exploits edge/core distinction for scalability
• Applications contract for specific QoS profiles
• Policing at network periphery
• A few simple, differentiated per-hop forwarding
behaviors (PHBs)
• Indicated in packet header
• Applied to PHB traffic aggregates
• PHBs + policing rules = range of services
• Clouds contract for aggregate QoS traffic profiles
• Policing at cloud-cloud boundary
• Supports simple, bilateral business agreements
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
DiffServ Architecture
Bandwidth Brokers
(perform admissions control,
manage network resources,
configure leaf and edge devices)
Destination
Source
BB
BB
Core
routers
Leaf Router
(police, mark flows)
Core
routers
Ingress Edge Router
Egress
Edge Router (classify, police, mark aggregates)
(shape aggregates)
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Example Service #1: Premium
• Emulates a leased line
• Contract: peak rate profile
• PHB = “forward me first”
(e.g. priority queuing, WFQ)
• Policing rule = drop out-of-profile
packets
• On egress, clouds need to shape
Premium aggregates to mask induced
burstiness
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Example Service #2: Assured
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Emulates a “lightly-loaded” network
Contract: rate and burst profile
PHB = “drop me last” (e.g. WRED, RIO)
Policing rule = mark out-of-profile packets
Assured traffic shares queue with BE
Drop out-of-profile and BE before in-profile
packets
• On cloud egress, clouds may need to shape
Assured aggregates to mask induced
burstiness
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
DiffServ &
The Three Big QoS Problems
• Applications: Framework supports a broad
range of services depending on PHB and
configuration of policers
• Scalability: Simplicity of PHBs & pushing
“smarts” towards edge, lets core routers be
simple, dumb, and fast, but still support QoS!
• Interoperability:
• PHBs suggest but do not imply implementations
• QoS through concatenations of simple bilateral
SLSs
• Administratability also a big win
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Internet2 Dogma:
There is a circularity between advanced networks and
advanced apps
Applications
Motivate
Enables
Engineering
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
QBone Dogma:
Apps  Networking circularity applies to QoS especially
Inhibited
• Existing stalemate:
Apps
QoS
Prevented
• QBone initiative seeks to turn the arrows around
and create positive feedback:
Enables
Apps
QoS
Motivate
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
The Internet2 QBone Initiative
• Build interdomain testbed infrastructure
• Experiment and improve understanding
• Incrementally improve testbed
• Support intradomain & interdomain deployment
• Lead and follow IETF standards work
• Some parts of DiffServ architecture easy; others far from it
• Our experience will inform standards process
• Openness of R&E community gives us an edge
• Users will tolerate the flakiness of an experimental
infrastructure
• Engineers will share experience and measurement data
• QBone as “infrastructure that only a graduate student
could love”
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
QBone Milestones
• Sep 98 - Call for participation
• Oct 98 - QFC finalized QIG recommendations
• Nov 98 - 1st Meeting of QBone BB Advisory
Council
• Dec 98 - QBone Networking Kickoff Meeting
• Jan 99 - Revised QBone Architecture from
I2QoSWG
• Jan 99 - RTP QIG Meeting (+ BB group)
• Mar 99 - Las Cruces QIG Meeting (+ BB group)
• May 99 - QBone Architecture in last call
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
QBone from 10km view
• QBone Premium Service
• Well-defined SLS:
• Parameterized by peak rate R and “service MTU” M
implying a token bucket meter with rate R and depth M
• low loss (will quantify with feedback from measurements)
• low jitter (delay variation due to queuing effects should be
no greater than the packet transmission time of a service
MTU sized packet at the subscribed rate)
• Plus important value-adds:
• Integrated measurement/dissemination
infrastructure
• Experimentation with a pre-standards inter-domain
BB signaling protocol
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Understand Premium
• Valuable even though I2 networks are
largely uncongested
• Jitter and periodic loss still occur within I2
• Preparing for the future
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Typical Internet2 Performance
East Coast University to West Coast DOE Lab
• Minimum Delay
• 50th Percentile Delay
• 90th Percentile Delay
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Example QBone Deployment
• NCNI to Internet2 Washington, DC
member meeting
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
North Carolina Networking Initiative
(N Carolina gigapop)
Nortel
IBM
MCNC
RTP
RTP
Surveyor
RTP
Cisco 2926
Cisco
RTP
SoX/vBNS
OC12c
DS3
NCSU
June '99
Centennial
UNC
Chapel Hill
ATM
Oc12c
LEGEND
Packet
over
SONET
OC48 SONET
OC3c ATM
OC12c ATM
DS3 ATM
SONET ADM
Abilene
June '99
ATM Switch
IP Router
NCSU
Duke
Raleigh
Durham
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
OC3mon
smj - 10/5/98
NCNI/QBone April 99 Demo:
Overview: DC to NC Path
NCSU
Packet
over
SONET
Centennial
Nanomanipulator
Client
MPEG2
Stereo
Video
Video
Conferencing
Client
Nortel Networks
Optivity Policy Server
Abilene
COPS
Traffic
Generator
ATM
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
FastEthernet
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
UNC
Chapel Hill
ATM
ATM
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
FastEthernet
ATM
MCNC
RTP
Video
Conferencing
Client
SoX/
vBNS
ATM
ATM
Nortel
Duke
NCSU
RTP
Durham
Raleigh
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
Nanomanipulator
ATM
Highway-1
Washington, D.C.
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
ATM
LEGEND
MPEG2 Stereo Video
FastEthernet
Nortel Networks Router
w/ DiffServ/COPS
FastEthernet
Switch
Policy/QoS Implementation
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
FastEthernet
FastEthernet
Switch
Grey -
Existing Equipment and
Connections
Teal -
Planned Equipment and
Connections
Blue -
Equipment and Connections
for Qbone
NCNI/QBone April 99 Demo:
Media, IP Switching, and Policy Protocols
LDAP
Server
Optivity
Policy Server
LDAP
NCSU, Raleigh
RT Stereo
Video
NanoManipulator
Client
RT Stereo
Video Source
COPS
100BT
MCNC, RTP
100BT 100BT
Accelar ASN
1200
BLN
SOX /
ATM/ vBNS
OC3
ATM
ATM
Nano-
ATM/
DS-3
BLN
Video
Conferencing Highway 1 Washington D.C.
(No DS)
ATM
BLN
BLN
100BT 100BT Manipulator
ASN Ethernet
Switch
Video
UNC, Chapel Hill Conferencing
First QBone demonstration of Bandwidth Broker, Premium Service
 Multiple high-performance applications using Premium service

SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
NCNI/QBone April 99 Demo:
Testing Premium Service
LDAP Server
Optivity Policy Server
LDAP
NC State Raleigh
RT Stereo
Video
NanoManipulator
Client
Accelar
1200
RT Stereo
Video Source
COPS
MCNC, RTP
vBNS
ATM
Policing
Marking Shaping
ASN
BLN
BLN
Controlled
Contending
Best Effort
Traffic
Video
Conferencing Highway 1 Washington D.C
VBR
10MBm
15MBpeak
(No DS)
Marking
Policing Policing
Shaping Shaping Marking
BLN
BLN
ASN
NanoManipulator
Ethernet
Switch
Video
UNC, Chapel Hill Conferencing
Premium service contends with Best Effort traffic
 Limited resources require limited granting of Premium service to
high-performance applications

SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Down the Road...
QoS Routing;
Stronger services...
More users...
More clouds...
Route-pinning;
Multicast
Real $
Signaling through API
Inter-domain signaling;
BB interoperability tests
Scheduling
Static inter-domain interoperability
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Many Hard Problems Ahead!
• Many talents and much dialogue required
before production, interdomain services
feasible
• Engineering, planning - Network engineers
and planners
• Advanced development, analysis, and
research - Networking researchers
• Policy, economics - Administrators
• Application, middle-ware design - Developers
• Expectational shifts - Users
• QBone should enable “DiffServ research”
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Near Future
• Jun 99: QBone BB Advisory council
converging on prototype inter-BB protocol
• Jun 99: “Phase0” rollout planning
• Aug/Sep 99: Interdisciplinary QBone
workshop
• Sep 99: QBone Connect-a-thon (“Con”)
event
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
For more information...
• QBone home page:
http://www.internet2.edu/qbone
• Internet2 QoS Working Group home page:
http://www.internet2.edu/qos/wg
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
I2 Middleware Initiative:
The “Services Rich” Network
Environment
What’s an Ideal “Internet2”
• Functional services available to users and
developers
• Enabling new collaborations and applications
• Supported as production quality
• An integrated framework
• Scaled to the size of the research and
education community
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Applications:
Horizontal, Vertical, Spot Solutions
Standard APIs
Middleware:
Security, Directory, Quality of Service,
Audio/Video Frameworks, Accounting,
Collaboration Frameworks, Multicast
Standard APIs
Operating system and network services
Interoperable Protocols
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Technology Scope
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QoS
Digital video/audio
Security
Collaboration
Directories
Multicast
File systems
Measurement
Remote instruments
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Transaction systems
Meta-computing
Management
IP telephony
Accounting/billing
E-commerce
Object brokers
Search mechanisms
Printing
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Avoiding Segmentation
Physics
Applications
Digital Library Instructional
Applications Applications
Data Mining
Applications
Physics
QoS
Digital Library Instructional
QoS
QoS
Data Mining
QoS
Physics
Security
Digital Library Instructional
Security
Security
Data Mining
Security
Physics
Directories
Digital Library Instructional
Directories
Directories
Data Mining
Directories
Physics
Storage
Digital Library Instructional
Storage
Storage
Data Mining
Storage
TCP/IP Network
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Initiative Overview
• Deliverables
• Identification of a small number of key
community projects
• Information dissemination
• Demos
• Workshops
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
Principles
• Focus on problems where
• We have a unique incentive to solve
• The benefit to our community is clear
and compelling
• Results are attainable in a reasonable
timeframe
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
I2 Middleware Includes
• I2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure
• Qbone
• Digital Video
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
I2-Digital Video
www.internet2.edu/dvn
Ubiquitous
Digital Video
• Scalable and easy to
use
• Integrated into applications
• Streaming and interactive
• Real-time and asynchronous (stored)
• Unicast and native multicast
• Single source to multi-source
• Resolutions up to HDTV
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
I2 Digital Video
• Partnering with I2 Distributed Storage on
servers
• Will rely on multicast
• Sept 98 “learning experience” at I2 SF MM
with 7 channels
• Extensions of Content: Animation, 3D,
Simulation, VR Movies, Immersion, etc.
• Digital Broadcasting Networks, Studios,
DV-Stations (3-tiered architecture)
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
I2 Digital Video, con’t
• More Participants Welcome!
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99
The End
SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
25-28 May 99