Transcript Chapter 5

SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
5
Chapter
INTERNET
Chapter 5
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Objectives of this chapter:
You can…
Discuss the history of the Internet
Explain how to access and
connect to the Internet
Describe the types of Web sites
Imagine the future of the internet
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Overview
This chapter covers
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Introduction
History
Internet Software
Internet Services
Future of the Internet
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5.1 Introduction
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Introduction
What is the Internet?
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The largest network of networks in the world
Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching
Runs on any communications substrate
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Introduction (cont’d)
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Also called the Net
One huge global interconnected networks that
comprised millions of computers
A world-wide collection of networks that links
millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individual
Internet services widely use – World Wide Web & email
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Introduction (cont’d)
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A technology to link LAN network to a bigger
network
Every computer in the network can directly share
data and information with other computers
Internet Service Provider (ISP) are responsible to
provide Internet services:
 Examples: Jaring, MIMOS, TMNet, Telekom,
Maxis.net , Time Telekom
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Introduction (cont’d)
“Galactic” Network
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A network that is connected globally where each
computers are able to retrieve data directly and share
information
Every computer on the internet has an IP address (similar
to a telephone number) and it is able to exchange data
directly with other computers by “dialing” the computer’s
address
The Internet uses packet switching concept where data
sent are divided into smaller units known as packets
Each unit of packet has a number and destination address
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Introduction (cont’d)
Interoperability
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The Internet allows every computer in a network to
operate even tough each remote computers are of different
brands and models or in a cross-platform network.
For example, a user can contact other computers like
MAC, Windors PC, UNIX Machine and Mainframe using
MAC.
Telnet is an example of an Internet service where a user
can access a remote computer in a network after keying in
login and password
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Introduction (cont’d)
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How to connect to the Internet?
Slow-speed
technology
Dial-up access
modem in your
computer uses a
standard telephone line
to connect to the Internet
Connection must be established
each time you log on.
Slow but inexpensive
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High-speed
connection
Digital subscriber line (DSL),
cable telephone Internet
services (CATV), cable modem,
fixed wireless, and satellite modems
Connection is always on—
whenever the computer
is running
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Introduction (cont’d)
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All computers have a unique Internet Protocol (IP)
address.
All computers use TCP/IP protocol to communicate.
Requires communication device like modem, ISDN
adapter, Ethernet card, telephone line
Download - to transmit data from a remote computer to a
local computer
Upload - to transmit data from a local computer to a
remote computer
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Introduction (cont’d)
TCP/IP
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
– a combined set of protocols that tells computers how to
exchange information over the Internet.
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TCP monitors and ensures correct transfer of data.
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IP receives the data from TCP, breaks it up into
packets, and ships it off to a network within the
Internet.
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Introduction (cont’d)
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Each Internet services require different protocols.
Examples like FTP and HTTP sit on top of TCP/IP.
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – accessed using FTP
browser or DOS prompt
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HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – accessed
using Web Browser
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POP3 and SMTP – accessed using Mail Browser
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Introduction (cont’d)
Role of ISP
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Access is provided by the Internet Service
Provider (ISP) i.e. Jaring, TMNet.
ISP provides a back bone to the network – either:
 PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network)
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) or
 SONET (Synchronized Optical Network)
ISP also provide domain name registration for
each organization.
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Introduction (cont’d)
What is a domain name?
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Text version of Internet protocol (IP) address
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Number that uniquely identifies
each computer or device
connected to Internet
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Introduction (cont’d)
Communication Link
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Shell Access
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Usually by free shell account providers used for textbased email, IRC.
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Modem and phone line  temporary IP
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Computer  providers that connect to the Internet (not
directly connect to Internet)
Dial-up Point-to-Point (PPP)
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Modem, phone line, ISDN adapter  temporary IP
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Computer  Internet
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Introduction (cont’d)
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Cable/Satellites
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Dial-up with modem and phone line  temporary IP.
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Faster transmission rate.
Leased Line
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Modem and dedicated line  fixed IP.
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Usually to host Internet/Web Server.
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Support Extranet (external Internet) i.e. Sony Malaysia
and Sony Japan.
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How the Internet Works
How might data
travel the Internet
using a cable
modem connection?
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5.2 History
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History
1962
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1968
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Lawrence G Roberts from DARPA formulated the
specifications for Advanced Research Agency Network
(ARPANET)
1969
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Started from Lickder’s “Galactic Network” idea that
introduced the concept of Packet Switching. RAND
researchers concluded that Packet Switching was the best
concept
ARPANET connected 4 computers in California and
Utah, connecting university and research center with the
Department of Defence (DoD) - USA
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History (cont’d)
1973
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1981
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ARPANET connected 213 computers
1984
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Total computers connected to ARPANET reached 1000
1987
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ARPANET became an international network
Total computers connected to ARPANET reached 10,000
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History (cont’d)
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Packet Switching
 In 1962, Galactic Network introduced the concept
of packet-switching, a new technology to transfer
information between 2 distant computers
 Packet-switching technology will break each
message/data into smaller unit called packets for
speedy and guaranteed delivery
 Each packet carries a unique identification
number and the destination address
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History (cont’d)
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ARPANET – (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network)
 In 1968, L.G. Roberts from DARPA institute
published a specification for Advanced Research
Agency Network (ARPANET)
 In 1969, ARPANET successfully connected 4
research computers in California & Utah
 E-mail services was introduced in 1972 – people
exchange text messages across a long distance
 In 1973, ARPANET become international
network
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History (cont’d)
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By 1981, ARPANET has 213 inter-connected
computers called the Internet
In 1982, ARPANET was taken by DARPA
and given to NSF (National Science
Foundation)
In 1983, the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was
introduced by Kahn & Cerf
By 1984 the network has grown to 1,000
computers and increased to 10,000 in the
following 3 years
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History (cont’d)
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World Wide Web (WWW)
 In 1989, a researcher named Tim Berners-Lee
proposed the idea WWW while working at CERN
(a physics laboratory in Europe)
 In 1993, a group of professors and students at the
University of Illinois National Center for
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) release
mosaic – the first graphically based web browser
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History (cont’d)
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
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A worldwide collection of electronic documents
Also called the Web
Each electronic document is called a Web page
Can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in connections
A Web site is a collection of related Web pages
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5.3 Internet Software
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Internet Software
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Internet software allows user to use the
services provided by the Internet
1. Web Browser
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Allows user to view web page and browse
Internet sites
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Internet Software - www
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Example of Web browser
Microsoft
Internet
Explorer
Firefox
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Netscape
Opera
Mozilla
Safari
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Internet Software - www
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How does a Web browser display a home page?
Step 2.
Web browser
looks up the home
page setting
Step 3.
The Web browser
communicates with the
ISP’s server to retrieve
the IP address. The IP
address is sent to your
computer.
Step 1.
Click the Web browser
program name
Step 4.
The home page
displays in the Web
browser
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Internet Software (cont’d)
2. Pager
 A software that allows a individual user to
communicate with other Internet users. Each
user has to have the same software in their
computer and register at a certain website for
them to obtain an unique identity or ID
 The user can then use this software by
adding in other user’s ID in his/her pager
software to be able to know whether the
other user is online on the Internet
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Internet Software (cont’d)
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It is usually used to communicate with other
“known” individual; as the user needs to know the
other user’s ID
 Examples of pager softwares - Yahoo Messenger,
ICQ and MSN Messenger etc
 Some softwares such as Skype also allows user to
communicate via telephone, using Internet as the
intermediary medium
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Internet Software (cont’d)
3. E-Mail
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A software that allows user to read, write and store
e-mails
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Examples of e-mail software – Microsoft Outlook,
Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger and Mozilla
Thunderbird
4. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
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A software that allows user to use Internet Relay Chat
services (Real-time Chat).
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An examples of IRC software – mIRC
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Internet Software (cont’d)
5. Download Manager
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Allow users to download files to their computers
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It can continue to download the file if the user decide to
continue downloading at a later time, or if the user got
disconnected and connected again from the network, without
having to start the download again from the beginning of the
file
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However, to continue downloading from where you stop
depends on the server that hosts the file(s). Note that not all
server support this process
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The software is also capable of searching other server that hosts
the same file(s), which is faster and/or closer to the user’s
location.
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E.g. – FlashGet, Download Accelerator Plus, Godzilla and
RealNetwork download manager
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Internet Software (cont’d)
6. Internet Music Player
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Capable of playing music from the internet
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Some web pages like radio or tv station’s web sites,
provide a web based audio and/or video
broadcasting/streaming through the internet. It can only be
viewed using special software
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Among the popular software are RealPlayer and Microsoft
Media Player
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This technology of listening/viewing audio/video through
the internet is called “Streaming”
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5.4 Internet Services
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Internet Services
1. E-mail
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Used to send messages digitally through the internet
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Every message delivery should have: address of the
recipient, address of the sender, subject of the
message and body of the message
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Email operations include - reply, forward, delete,
save and print
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Email will take a few seconds to be sent, it will be
stored in the recipient’s email server until the
recipient retrieves it. Then the recipient may reply,
forward, delete, save or print the email
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Internet Services (cont’d)
[email protected]
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User name/ID: azuramasura
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Domain name: jpa
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Top-level domain: .gov
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Two-letter country extension: .my
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Other Internet Services
Step 1.
Using e-mail
software, you
create and send
message
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Step 2.
Your software
contacts software
on your ISP’s
outgoing mail
server
How does an e-mail
message travel?
Step 4.
When recipient uses
e-mail software to check
for e-mail messages, the
message transfers from
incoming mail server to
recipient’s computer
Step 3.
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Software on outgoing mail server
determines best route for data and sends
message, which travels along Internet
routers to recipient’s
incoming
mail server
SAK3002
– Information
Technology and Its Application
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Internet Services (cont’d)
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 FTP is a protocol used to transfer (download or
upload) files between computers on the internet.
 FTP Client software can be used on PCs to
connect to FTP server.
 2 types of modes to transfer files using FTP are:
 ACII (text files)
 Binary (usually programs, graphics and
basically all other file types other than text)
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Internet Services (cont’d)
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Usually username and password is required to login
to FTP service on a FTP server
Anonymous FTP is one way to connect to FTP server
without having to identify yourself. Anonymous
FTP example:
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Type the following command on a DOS prompt
 ftp ftp.jaring.my
Enter the following username an password when
asked
Login: anonymous or Anonymous
Passwd: <enter your email address>
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Internet Services (cont’d)
3. Newsgroup/Message boards
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Newsgroup
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Message board
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Online area where users discuss a particular subject
Type of discussion group
Many Web sites use
message boards
because they are
easier to use
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Internet Services (cont’d)
4. Chat
 Real-time typed conversation that takes place on a
computer
 Chat room is location on server that permits users
to discuss topics of interest
 Instant Messaging
 Example: mIRC, Yahoo Messanger, Skype, MSN
Messanger etc
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5. Internet Telephony
 Real-time audio and video technology, such as Voice Over IP
(VoIP) and Video Conferencing is getting more popular
 VoIP techology uses three methods:
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PC-to-PC – Using sound card, microphone and computer
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Phone-to-PC
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Phone-to-Phone – Using Telephones that support VoIP
 The quality is not guaranteed (No QoS), There are noise and
echo. All calls are charged as local calls.
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Internet Services (cont’d)
6. Telnet
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Allows users to login to remote computers using valid
username and password. Users need to have an account on
the remote computer. Issue the following command in
DOS promt
telnet www.upm.edu.my
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A secured alternative to telnet is by connecting to remote
computer using SSH (Secure Shell)
ssh www.upm.edu.my
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The remote computer must have Telnet/SSH server
running for users to connect to it
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Internet Services (cont’d)
7. Ping
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Allows users to check whether a remote computer is
up/operational. Type the following command in DOS
prompt
ping www.upm.edu.my
This command or service might not work properly if:
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The server or user is behind a firewall and it blocks ICMP request.
Your ISP does not allow this type of request.
The server has an embedded firewall on it and it blocks ICMP
request.
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Internet Services (cont’d)
8. Web Sites
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A framework architecture used to share and access
documents that is connected to the internet
Information displayed are intuitive, easy to use and using
interesting graphical interface
Information are exchanged using client server concept.
A web document that interconnects pages is called
hypertext
A text string that links a page to other pages is called a
hyperlink
Hypertext that contains other media (graphics, audio,
video, etc.) is called hypermedia
WWW is a world wide hypermedia and hypertext system
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Every address is unique and is called Universal Resource
Locator (URL)
http://www.jaring.my/intro/index.html
server
protocol
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path
File name
URLs consists of 4 parts:
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Protocol:
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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Server:
Internet domain name
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Path:
The location of the document in the
server- folder/directory name
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Resources name: The filename, usually in one of these
formats
html/cgi/sound/movie/graphic
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
What is Search engine
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Program used to find
Web sites and Web
pages by entering
words or phrases
called search text
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Also called a keyword
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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What is a hit?
Any Web site name that is listed as the result of a search
Step 2.
Select type of
search you want
to run
Step 1. Go to search engine
Step 3. View hits
Step 4.
Click
link to view
Web site
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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12 basic types of Web sites
Portal
News
Informational
Business/
Marketing
Advocacy
Blog
Wiki
Social
Network
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Educational Entertainment
Content
Aggregator
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Personal
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Portal Web site
A Web site that offers a variety of services from one, convenient
location, usually for free
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Searching, news, sports
and weather, Web
publishing, reference
tools, stock quotes, maps,
shopping, e-mail, and
online communities
(Web sites that join
people with similar
interests)
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News Web site
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Contains newsworthy material
Stories and articles relating to current events, life,
money, sports, and the weather
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Informational Web site
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Contains factual information
Created by organizations and government agencies
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Business/marketing Web site
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Contains content that promotes products or services
Allows you to purchase products or services online
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Educational Web site
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Offers avenues for formal and informal teaching
and learning
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Some companies
offer online training
for employees
Some colleges offer
online classes and
degrees
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Entertainment Web site
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Offers an interactive and engaging environment
featuring music, video, sports, games, and more
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Advocacy Web site
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Contains content that describes a cause, opinion,
or idea
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Blog web site
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Short for Weblog
Uses a regularly updated
journal format to reflect the
interests, opinions, and
personalities of the author and
sometimes site visitors
Video blog (vlog), blogosphere,
and vlogosphere
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Wiki web site
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Collaborative Web site that allows users to add to,
modify, or delete the Web site content via their Web
browser
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Online social network
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Encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories,
photos, music, and videos
Media sharing Web site
Other example?
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Friendster
Facebook
Hi5
Geni (family tree)
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Content aggregator web site
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Business that gathers and organizes Web content and
then distributes, or feeds, the content to subscribers for
free or a fee
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Personal Web site
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Web page maintained by private individual
Reasons: sharing life experience with the world
or job hunting
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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Graphics formats are used on the Web
BMP
JPEG
PNG
(pronounced JAY-peg)
(pronounced ping)
GIF
(pronounced JIFF)
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TIFF
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Internet Services (cont’d)-website
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What is streaming audio/video?
The process of
transferring audio/video
in a continuous
and even flow
Enables you to
listen to music/ watch video
as it downloads
to your computer
Example of a web site offers video streaming: www.youtube.com
Example of a web site offers audio streaming: www.i-bands.net/bandlist.php
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Netiquette
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What is netiquette?
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Code of acceptable behaviors users should follow while
on the Internet
Golden Rule: Treat others as
you would like them to treat you.
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5.5 Future Of The Internet
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Future Of The Internet
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Very High-speed network
 1 Gigabyte per-second speed
Interoperability
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imagine something?
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Chapter 5
A Network that links with almost everything
Example: TV, House, Car etc.
Please share to the class
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End of Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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