Transcript Exploration 2 Columbus Vespucci Magellan

Bell Work 12-6-16
1. Turn in your essay if you have not
yet.
2. Straighten your team’s table and
chairs.
3. Get the team tub from the back
counter.
4. Get out a pen or pencil.
Glory, God and
Gold
Voyages &
Adventures
European
Exploration Pt.2
 What brought on the interaction
between Native Americans &
Europeans?
 The Discovery of the “New
World” by Christopher
Columbus.
 He certainly wasn’t the first one
there the Natives themselves had been
there for thousands of years, the
Vikings had visited the shores of
Northeastern North America.
There are also stories of African,
Asian, & European fishermen
reaching the shores of North &
South America but when Columbus went back to
Europe & told what he saw, he
started a wave of interaction
between the “Old World” &
“New World” that continues to
this day.
New World
Old World
Christopher
Columbus
Christopher Columbus
•Born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy
•Went on trading voyages as a teenager
•By the 1480s, Columbus & his brother had developed a plan to travel to the Indies
(southeast Asia), by sailing directly west across the Atlantic
•In 1485 Columbus presented his plan to sail west with 3 ships to John II, King of
Portugal.
•John II rejected Columbus when his experts said Columbus’
estimates of the distance of the trip were too short.
•Columbus’ plan was also turned down by Genoa & Venice.
•Finally, in 1492 Spanish King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella agreed to finance (pay
for) his journey.
•Spain was envious of the success of Portuguese explorers & also desired a sea route
to Asia.
Columbus plan for
a Spanish trade
route
Italian trade route
Over land from Asia to Italy
Portuguese trade
route
By sea from India
(Vasco de Gama)
Christopher Columbus
Strengths:
Belief in self and abilities
Faith in his idea of reaching
the Indies & China by sailing
West
Abilities as a sailor
Luck
Weaknesses:
Belief in self and abilitiesmade him arrogant and
cruel to crew and natives
Faith in his idea of reaching
the Indies & China by
sailing West—made him
foolhardy in holding to the
idea he’d reached the Indies.
•Columbus sailed out of
Spanish port of Palos on
August 3, 1492 with 3
ships- the Niña, the Pinta,
& the Santa María.
•The whole squadron
comprised only 120
adventurers
•Land was sighted at 2 a.m.
on October 12, 1492- after
over 2 months at sea.
•Columbus called the island
(in what is now The
Bahamas) San Salvador.
Replica of the Santa María
Columbus believed the world was round.
He thought he could sail west,
circle the earth,
& reach India.
Spain
India
Columbus’ planned route
He didn’t realize 2 continents & the Pacific Ocean
were in the way!
The earth was “a little” bigger than he thought!
North America
Pacific Ocean
Spain
India
Columbus’ planned route
South America
Columbus’
estimate of the
circumference of
the Earth
(16,000 miles)
Actual
circumference of
the Earth
(25,000 miles)
Columbus thought he had reached the East Indies
He had really reached the West Indies!
San Salvador
North America
South America
India
That’s why he called the natives “los indios.” (Indians)
He thought he was near India!!!
Columbus arrives on San Salvador
(he named it, it means “Holy Savior”)
•The expedition went ashore and
planted the royal banner, taking
possession of the land in the
name of Spain.
•Columbus was looking for
GOLD!, finding little, he
eventually claims many islands
for Spain
 The native people Columbus
& his men encountered, the
Lucayan, Taíno & Arawak,
were peaceful and friendly.
 In his journal he wrote of
them, "It appears to me, that
the people are ingenious,
and would be good servants
and I am of opinion that
they would very readily
become Christians, as they
appear to have no religion.”
 He also wrote of them, two
days after landing, "I could
conquer the whole of them
with 50 men, and govern
them as I pleased."
•Columbus then visited Cuba and Hispaniola (now 2 countriesHaiti & the Dominican Republic), leaving 38 men there among the
natives with supplies and munitions for a year.
By this time his flagship
had been wrecked, and
he set sail on 4 January
1493 with his two
caravels on the return
journey to Spain.
They reached Palos on
15 March 1493, and
Columbus was received
with the highest honors
by the court.
He told the King &
Queen of the riches of
the new world.
Columbus returned to the Americas 3 more
times
First Voyage: Discovery
Problems:
superstitions of crew
(sea monsters, fall off
edge of world)—
Columbus disciplined
severely, minimized
distances (falsely) so
they wouldn’t know how
far they’d gone.
Failures: didn’t really find
the Indies or China; didn’t
find the riches expected
Successes: found new
lands for Spain, found
western and eastern routes
that took full advantage of
prevailing currents and
winds
Second Voyage: Whoops!
17 ships with 1200
men (6 of them priests
to convert the
“Indians”) set out to
find Indies spices and
gold
300 died of disease. A
hurricane destroyed all of the
ships. Patching together two
ships from the scraps,
Columbus limped home in
disgrace.
Third Voyage: Whoops 2
With 6 Ships, few volunteers
and many convicts,
Columbus set out to redeem
himself.
First hope—Natives brought
Columbus and his crew gold
nuggets to trade at
Hispaniola
Natives turned unfriendly and forced
them to leave. Ships wormy and
food rotten, but colonists wouldn’t
help and Indians refused them food.
After word of Indian killings reached
the monarchs, Columbus and his
brother were brought back to Spain
in chains.
Fourth Voyage: Defeat
Privately funded, not
patroned by Ferdinand
and Isabella, Columbus
was still “Admiral,” but
had no governing powers
over colonists.
Although he sailed
along the coast of
South America, he
found no riches, nor
traces of the Indies or
China and returned to
Spain defeated.
1 Effect of Columbus’
Voyages
The voyages of
Columbus prompted the
Spanish to establish
colonies in the Americas.
Amerigo Vespucci
 Other explorers from Spain &
Portugal begin to sail west
looking for a route to Asia.
 In 1501, an Italian in the service
of Portugal, Amerigo Vespucci,
traveled along the eastern coast
of South America.
 Upon his return to Europe he
claimed that the land was not
part of Asia, but a “new” world.
 In 1507 a German mapmaker
named the new continent
“America” in honor of Amerigo
Vespucci.
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
Inspired by a friend who
was both astrologer and
cartographer, Magellan
determined he could
circumnavigate the globe.
Spurned by his native
Portugal, he gained
funding and patronage
from Spain.
In 1519, he set out to
accomplish Columbus’
goal, to reach the Indies
and China by sailing West
Magellan’s Voyage
Although the voyage is attributed to Magellan, he did not
succeed in the circumnavigating globe. He was killed on
the island of Mactan.
Obstacles & Problems
Magellan and his crew suffered all of the following as he
searched for a western sea passage around South America:
Finding many places along
Combating the mutiny of
the coast that looked like
three out of his five ships.
sea passages that were just
To quell it, he had to kill
bays and inlets
the captain of one of the
Running out of food and
ships, and imprison some
supplies. He thought he
of the crew.
had supplies for two years.
Meeting greedy natives
His suppliers in Spain
who swarmed over his
fraudulently gave him six
ships and took everything
months worth. (He and the
that wasn’t nailed down.
crew ate fresh fish and
Navigating through one of
game, rats and wormy
the most treacherous
biscuits, even, oxhide
passages of rock-lined
bindings, and drank water
water in the world: the
contaminated with rat
strait named for him.
urine.
 Magellan with 5 ships & 270
men crossed the Atlantic &
sailed south along the east
coast of South America.
 Some of the men planned a
mutiny, they planned to kill
Magellan & return to Spain.
 But the mutineers were caught,
1 was marooned on a desolate
South American beach, some
were imprisoned on the boats
& a few were executed.
 The weather got colder the
farther south they went, so they
spent the winter in a place
called San Julian
 Then they sailed south looking
for a place to turn west…….
Finally they found it!
San Julian
•After passing through the
Straits of Magellan into the
Pacific Ocean, Magellan
mistakenly thought the
Spice Islands were a short
voyage away.
•He named the ocean
“Pacific” which means
“peaceful sea,” because of
its calm waters.
•He had no idea of the
immense size of the ocean
and thought he could cross
it in two to three days. The
voyage took approximately
four months.
Along the way, conditions
aboard the ships were
abominable. The crew began
to starve as food stores were
depleted.
The water turned putrid and
yellow in color.
The crew survived on
sawdust, leather strips from
the sails or their boots, & rats.
Without the benefit of vitamin
C in fresh fruits and
vegetables, the men also came
down with scurvy.
The crew finally made it
across the pacific ocean to the
Philippines in southeast Asia.
Philippines
Magellan’s Death
On an island in the Philippines, a
native chieftain pretended to be
Christian to enlist Magellan’s aid
to fight a neighboring chieftain.
As Magellan & his men were landing on the island, they
were attacked by the rival chief & his men. He was
repeatedly wounded by natives armed with poisoned
arrows, spears & scimitars. He could have retreated &
saved himself, but covered his fleeing men, fighting while
the rest rowed back to the ships.
Concluding the Voyage
The remaining crew
continued on towards
Spain.
One by one the ships fell
apart.
The Portuguese
imprisoned some of the
men in islands near
Spain
Only 18 of the 270 men
landed back at Seville.
(6.6%!!)
The total time of the
voyage was 12 days less
than three years.
As penitence, the 18
survivors walked
barefoot carrying
candles to the shrine of
the Virgin Mary.
Magellan
Searched for passage
to Pacific Ocean
Sailed through
“straits of
Magellan”
Died in Philippines
Crew lst to
circumnavigate the
world