Transcript Chapter 2 - NORTH MUSKEGON PUBLIC SCHOOLS Mr. Friesner

Chapter 2
Exploring the Americas
Why Did People Explore?
1. Gold/Riches
2. Curiosity
3. New Land gained
4. Fame
5. Trade Routes
6. Religious Freedom
Chapter 2 – A Changing World
Section 1
Explorers Reach the Americas
• 1st to reach Americas were the Norsemen (Norway)- 975
A.D.
• They landed in Newfoundland from Greenland and
Iceland.
• Settlement did not last long and no written record of Leif
Erickson and his people.
Europe gets ready to explore the
world
On the European Continent the Middle Ages are just ending. The period of
isolationism is over and the people have moved into the Renaissance.
Europe becomes ready to
explore cont.
The Feudal System ends.
Middle Class grows (merchants, traders etc.)
Crusades have ended and people are
returning from the East with many new ideas.
Europe becomes ready to explore
cont.
Marco Polo visits Asia and returns to tell
about it. Writes a book and details all of the
riches in the East for trading.
Renaissance begins in the mid 1300’s and
lasts until about 1600. Lots of creativity and
experimentation. (Michelangelo, Leonardo
da Vinci, Galileo etc.)
Technology Improves
• Portugal leads this, but it spreads to all countries
• Better Maps
• Better instruments- astrolabe and magnetic compass
• Better ships – new sails, better hull design for shallow water
Africa is the first area to be greatly explored
• Close proximity
• Could always see land
• Knew it was already there
Ghana, Mali, Songhai – three empires in Africa that expose
Europeans to new goods and ideas
Chapter 2 – Early Exploration
Section 2
Portugal and the Age of Exploration
Prince Henry of Portugal (wanted to make Portugal a world power)
1. Find an ocean route around Africa to Asia.
2. Locate the source of the gold that came from South Africa.
3. Set up navigation school (built better boats, mapped coastlines etc.)
Age of Exploration (1400’s/1500’s) started by the
Portuguese
• Learned much about Africa (shape and size) and its people
(Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
• Developed new trading partners within Africa
• Sailed 1,000 miles out into the Atlantic (Azores Islands)
• Slave trade begins in Portugal
• 1488 – Bartholomew Dias reaches
the southern tip of Africa and ends
up going into the Indian Ocean.
• Cape of Good Hope (because India
would be close)
1497-1498 Vasco da Gama lands on the coast
of India after traveling around Africa and on
through the Indian Ocean.
Portugal continued to explore and expand its trading
empire.
Actually reaching Brazil (Pedro Cabral) and setting up a
regular trade route from Europe to India
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Lifelong quest to reach Asia by sailing West from
Europe. Thought world was round and much smaller than
it is.
• Italian
• Studied in Portugal, but they would not finance the
voyage he wanted to take.
• For several years he attempts to get backing for his
voyage - Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain.
(Christianize and riches)
Columbus 1st voyage
• August 3 1492 – October 12 1492 (70 days)
• Lands in the Bahamas (called the island San Salvador)
• Meets the first Native Americans. Named Indians because
he believed he was in India.
• Also found Cuba (flamingos and tobacco)
• Found Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) and built a
fort. First residence of Europeans in the New World.
• Returns home a hero and more voyages are okayed.
Columbus makes three more journeys
•Jamaica-2nd voyage
•Venezuela-3 voyage
•Central America-4 voyage
On 2nd voyage he founds Santo
Domingo- the first permanent
European colony
Very little gold is found
and Columbus does
not rule the colony well.
He falls out of favor
with Spanish King and
Queen.
Returns to Spain in
1504 and dies in 1506.
Other explorers of America
• Amerigo Vespucci- 1502 an explorer who was the first
to realize that Columbus had found new lands (“New
World”). America is named after him
• Balboa – 1513 first explorer to see the Pacific Ocean
when he treks across Panama
• Magellan- 1520-1522 Named the Pacific. First to sail
around the world. Around S. America across Pacific to
Philippines (Magellan is killed) ship continues and makes
it back to Spain
Chapter 2 – Spain In America
Spanish vs. Aztecs – Montezuma vs. Cortes
• Aztecs believe that Cortes is a god.
• Using this the Spanish are able to infiltrate
Tenochitlan and capture Montezuma.
• Melt down all of the gold that they can.
• When the Aztec people revolt Montezuma is
killed by a thrown rock.
• Spanish are driven from the city, but diseases
have already begun to weaken the people
(small pox)
• 10 months later, Cortes returns to Tenochitlan
and the Aztecs are defeated.
• The Spanish destroy the city and Mexico City
is built on top of it.
Section 3
Tenochitlan
Spanish vs. Inca (Atahualpa vs. Pizarro)
• Spanish hear of riches in South America.
• Pizarro with 180 soldiers crosses Panama
• Pizarro kills many Inca and captures
Atahualpa.
• Inca’s pay a ransom of $65 million, but
Pizarro kills him anyway.
• Pizarro then sends troops out to conquer
all Incan land, except Brazil (Portugal).
• Some areas fall easily, others hold out for
40 yrs.
• Peru becomes Spain’s richest colony.
Macchu Picchu (Incan ruins)
Remains of Incan empire
Mexico and Peru were rich in silver and gold and
many other conquistadors went in search of it.
Florida•Ponce de Leon- 1513 searching for gold and fountain of youth.
• A fort was set up in 1565 and grew into a city St. Augustine
(oldest city in U.S. started by Europeans).
Other explorers of the Spanish empire
•Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca- trekking across Texas
on their way back to New Spain after a ship wreck
New Mexico,
Arizona,
Colorado,
Kansas, and
Texas
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- explored the
southwest in search of rich cities of gold. No luck, but
did gain more land.
Hernando de Soto –search for cities of gold. Ends up
gaining land in Southeast U.S. and seeing the
Mississippi River.
European Claims to Americas
• Spain conquers Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica
• Native Americans - killed or enslaved
by Spanish
• (1510) Spanish set up plantations to
produce crops - Sugarcane and
cotton.
• Native Americans were also taken
back to Spain and sold into slavery.
• Diseases were spread back and forth
• Catholicism
Spanish Empire in the Americas
1. Peru- South America
2. New Spain- Central America northward up through
Mexico and islands in the Caribbean
Spain – yellow
Portugal- pink
Spanish Settlements
• Pueblos (towns)Centers of trade, had a church (catholic) and gov’t
buildings
• Missions
Religious communities, small town, some surrounding
farmland and a church (catholic)
• Presidio (fort)
usually near a mission, soldiers lived here and were
responsible to protect an area.
Social Classes in New Spain
1. Penisulares
• People born in Spain. They held the highest positions.
Owned most land and had the best jobs.
2. Creoles
• Spanish parents, but born in New Spain. Still could have
important positions.
3. Mestizos
• Mixed Spanish/Native American descent. Workers, but
not slaves. Most of present day Mexico is made up of
descendants of these people.
4. Native Americans / Africans (largest group)
•
Slaves
Women had little opportunity in Spanish culture.
Borderland Missions from 1560 to 1820
• Hundreds were set up in New Mexico, Arizona,
California, Florida, Georgia and Texas.
• California - Russian traders began to move in (biggest
thing was that they wanted no one else to move in).
Chapter 2 – Exploring North America
Section 4
• Other European nations begin to set their sights on land in the
New World.
• (Protestant Reformation) and the drive for riches lead
England, France and the Dutch to send explorers.
• Columbian Exchange.
Northwest Passage
• England - John Cabot (Newfoundland)
• France - Verranzano ; Cartier- explore east coast of North
America and find St. Lawrence River
• Dutch - Henry Hudson
France in the New World
• fur trapping and trading network across northern North
America
• Set up city of Quebec (Samuel de Champlain)
Dutch settlements
• Dutch West Indies trading company
based in present day New York.
• purchase Manhattan Island from
Natives for about $24 dollars. This
becomes New York City