Transcript Transoceanic Encounters - Miami Beach Senior High School

Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High
Easier Exploration
 Ship Building
 Stronger, more maneuverable ships

Square sails, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudders
 Navigational Instruments
 Magnetic compass
 Astrolabe and cross staffs

Allowing the measuring of lines of latitude
 Navigational Techniques
 Better knowledge of currents and winds (wind wheels)



Trade winds by the equator blow easterly, further away westerly
Monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean
Volta do mar
Circumnavigation
 Portuguese sail around Cape of Good Hope, control IOTS
 Columbus establishes trans-Atlantic routes
 Ferdinand Magellan
 Magellan sailed for Portugal through Indian Ocean
 Wanted to establish western route to Asia, sponsored by
Spain



Follows Columbus’s route, probes S. America, enters Pacific
Long voyage through Pacific proves deadly for many crew
members
Magellan dies in Philippines after he’s caught in local political fight
 Crew returns to Spain via more familiar Indian Ocean route
 Magellan’s crew = first to circumnavigate globe
Age of European Exploration
 Spanish establish trading route b/w Mex. & Philippines
 Spain does not explore greater Pacific Ocean
 Other Europeans seek new routes b/w Europe & Asia
 English & French explorers seek elusive “Northwest Passage”


1500s: Sir Francis Drake explores west coast of N. America
1700s: Danish Vitus Bering sails for Russia, Alaska & Canada
 Captain James Cook
 Sails for England and charts Australia, New Zealand, Oceania
Europeans Trade In Asia
 Europeans see potential for new commercial markets
 Establish fortified trading posts in Eastern Hemisphere

Not powerful, large enough, to establish complete control
 Russians expand over land to take large parts of central/east
Asia
 Portuguese first to establish large trading empire
 The English and Dutch pose a threat to Portuguese
hegemony, establish parallel networks


English and Dutch ships = cheaper, faster, more powerful
Joint-Stock Companies more efficient, profitable
 English/British East India Company
 United (Dutch) East India Company (VOC)
European Conquest In Asia
 Portuguese attempts to control Indian Ocean trade fails
 Europeans, unable to dominate Asia, trade peacefully
 Early colonizing efforts only realized in Southeast Asia
 The Spanish Philippines
 1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi names islands after Philip II

Conquers most of the Philippine archipelago by 1575
 Manila established as cosmopolitan trade port
 Chinese goods shipped from Manila to Mexico
 Spread Christianity, Filipinos become fervent Catholics
 Dutch Java
 Dutch seeks to control trade in cloves, nutmeg, and mace
 Jan Pieterszoon Coen founds Batavia as main VOC port


Impose ruthless control over all spice trade in Indonesia
VOC & the Netherlands grow extremely rich from spice trade
Russian Expansion
 Russians do not follow maritime empire model
 Dominate Eurasia, conquering Mongol khanates in C. Asia
 Establish trade with Ottoman Empire, Iran, India
 Conquer the Caucasus, establishing control of Caspian Sea
 Russian Siberia
 Siberian fur in high demand, Russians seek control of trade



Stroganov family hires Yermak opening further exploration
Siberian peoples subsisted on trapping, hunting, fishing
 Important for the delivery of fur to Russian merchants
 Population greatly diminished by war and disease from Russians
Russian government seeks to protect “small peoples”
 Orthodox missionaries attempt to convert Siberians to Christianity
Trade and Conflict
 Competition among European nations to est. markets
 Quest to monopolize creates tension
 Dutch ships dominate Indian Ocean, expel Portuguese
 Prevent English from establishing spice markets
 1700s: Indian cotton, tea = more profitable than spices
 English & French compete to control India, Ceylon
 English & French ships outnumber Dutch ships
 1746: French seize Indian port city of Madras from British
 British takes back control after Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Hostilities part of much larger War of Austrian Succession
 British & French also fight over claims in North America,
sugar islands in Caribbean
Great Britain & the
British East India Co.
vs.
France & the
French East India Co.
War of Austrian Succession
 Kingdom of Prussia
 Habsburg Austria
 Kingdom of France
 United Kingdom of Great Britain
 Kingdom of Spain
 Holy Roman Empire
 Dutch Republics
 Empire of Russia
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
 European rivalries erupt into multi-theater war
 Fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & North America

Called the “French & Indian War” in the United States
 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle breaks down
 Austrians upset about losing territory of Silesia to Prussia
 French & British hostilities ongoing

Switch allies to fight another global war
 Prussia & Austria mostly fight in Europe
 British & French fight mostly in India & Americas
 British win, take French colonies in N. America
 Also take Florida from Spain, Spanish get to keep Cuba
 Great Britain emerges as most dominant European power
Seven Years’ War
 Habsburg Austria
 Kingdom of Prussia
 Kingdom of France
 United Kingdom of Great Britain
 Kingdom of Spain
 Portugal
 Russia
 Sweden
 Mughal Empire
 Iroquois Confederacy
Globalization of Trade
 European merchants connect far flung markets
 Europeans conduct trade within Asia & Americas
 Emergence of transoceanic slave trade Africa to Americas
 Global trade has adverse environmental effects
 Fur animals decrease in numbers

Deer, seals, walruses, whales, other valuable animals decrease
 Natural resources exploited
 Columbian Exchange