Transcript Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 16: Exploration and
Expansion
Chapter 16
Section 1: Voyages of Discovery
Foundations of the Age of
Exploration was built on…
 Spirit of discovery and innovation
 Technology borrowed from other culture
 Curiosity
 European explorers mainly set sail for
wealth.
 Other reasons include:
 Fame
 Glory
 Spread religion
 Technology made this
possible.
 Compass allow you
to know which
direction was North.
 Astrolabe allowed
you to plot position
based on sun and
stars.
Discoveries made from Portugal
and Spain
 Learned about Africa
 Found sea route to India
 Landed in Americas
 Circumnavigated around the world
Portugal Explorers
 Portugal was the first country to launch
large scale voyages of exploration.
 King John I was responsible for sending
explorers on expeditions.
 He wanted to find a water route around
Africa.
Portugal Explorers
 Bartolomeu Dias
was first European to
attempt to sail around
the southern tip of
Africa.
 Turned around
because of storms.
Portugal Explorers
 Vasco da Gama was the first person to
sail around the tip of Africa to India.
 It would take him 10 months.
 Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil.
Spanish Explorers
 Christopher
Columbus sailed for
America in 1492.
 It took him two
months.
 Thought he reached
India.
More explorers
 Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast
of South America in 1502, and decided
that he had reached a new land.
 It was named America in his honor.
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an
expedition across Panama, becoming the
first European to see the Pacific Ocean.
More explorers
 Ferdinand Magellan
decided to sail around the
world in 1519 with five
ships and 250 men.
 They were at sea for
months and Magellan
would be killed at the
Philippines.
 In 1522, 18 of his men
were able to reach Spain.
More explorers
 In 1497, English explorer John Cabot
reached Canada. Sir Francis Drake is the
second man to circumnavigate the world.
He reached California and sailed north to
try to find a route back to the Atlantic.
 Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and
sailed past Newfoundland into the St.
Lawrence River.
More explorers
 Henry Hudson set sail in 1609 to find a
Northwest Passage but instead found the
Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.
 Giovanni da Verazzano had actually
found the Hudson River first.
What drove explorers to
explore?
 The 3 G’s
 Gold
 God
 Glory
Chapter 16
Section 2: Conquest and Colonies
Spain builds an empire in the
Americas
 Introduced the encomienda system
 Conquered the Aztec and Inca empires
 Viceroys governed the land
Spanish Exploration
 First areas settled by
the Spanish were the
Caribbean Islands.
 Started encomienda
system which
required natives to
work for a colonist.
 Colonist was then
supposed to teach the
native Christianity.
Spanish Exploration
 Hernan Cortes would lead an expedition into
Mexico which ended in the conquest of the
Aztecs.
 He was called a conquistador and they used
guns and armor to defeat the Aztecs.
 Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to Peru in
1530.
 He defeated the Inca’s because they were
weakened by disease.
Portuguese exploration
 Portuguese established a farming colony
in Brazil
French, Dutch, and English colonies in the
Americas
 Based on trade, fishing, and furs
French Exploration
 New France was located in what is now
Canada.
 The French were searching for gold but
made money through trade.
 Samuel de Champlain founded the city of
Quebec in 1608.
 Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the
Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in
1692.
Dutch Exploration
 The Dutch established a colony called
New Netherland in the Hudson River
Valley.
 New Netherland bought the island of
Manhattan from Indians and founded the
city of New Amsterdam, which would later
become New York City.
English Exploration
 The first permanent English settlement in
America was Jamestown in 1607.
 80 percent of the settlers died in the first
year.
 In 1620, another group of people,
Pilgrims, set sail and reached Plymouth,
Massachusetts.
Chapter 16
Section 3: New Patterns of Trade
New exchange in plants and
animals
 As contact increased, these items traveled
from one part to another
Columbian Exchange
 Colonists and Indians traded with each
other and this became known as the
Columbian Exchange.
 New foods and animals would be
introduced to both people.
 These foods would help Europeans live
longer and healthier.
Columbian Exchange
 Europeans would bring disease to
America.
 Indians had no resistance to diseases
such as small pox, measles, influenza,
and malaria.
 North American Indian population would
decrease from 2 million in 1492 to
500,000 by 1900.
Mercantilism
 During the 1500s, Europeans would
develop a new type of economic policy
called mercantilism.
 A nation’s strength depended on its
wealth.
 A country could build its wealth in two
ways: extract gold and silver from mines or
sell more goods than it bought.
Capitalism
 During the 1500s and 1600s, capitalism
was created.
 This is when most economic activity is
carried on by private individuals in order
to seek a profit.
 Because of inflation, investors became
increasingly willing to invest in overseas
interests.
Summary
 Investors would pool their resources into
joint-stock companies.
 #8. Mercantilism pushed countries to
establish colonies because colonies
helped provide wealth.
 #9. Global trade lead to the rise of
capitalism because it provided
opportunities for individuals to invest
money and build wealth.
Chapter 13
Section 4
Triangular Trade
 Colonists first used
Indians to work on
plantations.
 They then looked to
Africa.
 The triangular trade
consisted of ships
carrying European
goods to Africa in
exchange for slaves.
Slave Trade began…
 Along the triangular route… Europe to
Africa to the Americas
Triangular Trade
 The second part of the journey or middle
passage, brought Africans to the
Americas to be sold as slaves.
 The journey usually lasted three to six
weeks.
 Between 10 and 20 percent of Africans
did not survive the voyage.
Slave Ship
Slave Ship
 Most enslaved
Africans worked on
plantations.
 Living conditions
were harsh.
 Slaves owners would
inflict physical and
degrading
punishment for minor
offenses.
Slave Ship
 Slaves were considered property with no
basic human rights.
 Slaves would revolt in many ways.
 Some turned to religion while others
would sabotage equipment on their farms.
Slave Ship
 The Atlantic Slave Trade would last for
about 400 years.
 Between 15 and 20 million Africans were
shipped to the Americas.