Transcript Age of exploration resulted from

The Age of
Exploration
Chapters 19 & 20
Europeans Explored the East
• Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity
Age of exploration resulted from:
1. Desire to grow rich (new sources of wealth)
2. Spread Christianity
3. Advances in learning & technology made long ocean trips
possible
4. Exchange of goods during the Crusades led to people
continually wanting goods from the East.
Ex. spices such as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper which
added flavor to bland European food
Bartolomeu Dias
•Early Portuguese explorer
• In 1488, he and his crew reached the tip of
Africa and then wanted to sail to India
•Storm arose and pushed them over to the
other side of Africa
•Credited for being the first European ship
to sail around the southern tip of Africa
•Ultimately, gave Portuguese the ability to
continue to push east and ultimately went to
India
“God, Glory, and Gold”
Prince Henry of Portugal
Portugal took the lead in overseas
exploration
•Prince Henry was the son of Portugal king
• Although he never went on a voyage, he was
known as “The Navigator”
• Devote Catholic and wanted to spread Christianity
• In 1419, he founded a navigation school on the
southwestern coast of Portugal
Tools of Navigation
Advances in learning & technology made long ocean
trips possible
3 main advancements:
1. Caravel- new sturdier ship with triangular sails,
shallow draft, & large cargo area
2. Astrolobe- navigational tool that determined the
location of the stars to indicated latitude
3. Magnetic compass- additional directional aid
invented by the Chinese
Led to the exploration and overseas expansion of
the colonial empires
Spain Begins to Explore
The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Europeans explore and
colonize the Americas,
disrupting native
civilizations, and build
the slave trade to
support plantations in
the New World.
Christopher Columbus, Spanish
explorer, as young man.
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Spain Builds an American Empire
The Voyages of Columbus
• Genoese sea captain Christopher
Columbus reaches Americas (1492)
• Instead of taking the traditional route along
Africa, he travels west across the Atlantic to find
a new route to Asia
• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives
“los indios”—Indians
• Actually lands in the Caribbean Sea
on an island, probably in the Bahamas
• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for
Spain
• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with
a large fleet
• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands
controlled by a foreign nation
Rivalry Between Portugal & Spain
• Because the Portuguese believed Columbus landed in
Asia tension grows between the two countries.
• In order to try to keep peace between the two nations, an
imaginary line drawn north to south through the Atlantic
Ocean. This was called the Line of Demarcation.
• It gave all the land west of the line to Spain. This
included the Americas.
• All the land east of the line was given to Portugal
•Treaty of Tordesillas- both countries officially agreed
to the line and sign it as formalized
•This ignites the Age of Exploration into full force
Why is Columbus celebrated
for finding America when
people already lived there?
Other Voyages
Other Explorers Take to the Seas
• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for
Portugal (1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South
America as new continent (1501)
• In 1507, German mapmaker names the
continent America
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the
Pacific Ocean
• Portuguese's Ferdinand Magellan
leaves to sail around the world (1519)
• Magellan is killed, but some of his men
return to Spain in 1522
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Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Conquistadors
• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish
adventurer: lands in Mexico
• He and others become known as
conquistadors: Spanish conquerors
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs
• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlán
• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire
• Spanish Conquest aided by
1. Superior weapons
2. Native American allies
3. European diseases wipe out
large numbers of Aztecs
Image
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Spanish Conquests continued
Another Conquistador
• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads
force to Peru in 1532
Pizarro Subdues the Inca
• Pizarro kills Atahualpa—Inca ruler—
and defeats the Inca
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• In the middle of the 16th century, Spain
created an American Empire called
NEW SPAIN
• Spanish men and Native American
women have children
• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish
and native—population
•Encomienda system—Spanish force
Native Americans to work for them
…which are a cheap work labor force
The Portuguese in Brazil
In 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil,
begin growing sugar
Spain’s Influence Expands
Growth of Spanish Power
• Conquests in Americas bring great
wealth to Spain
• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships
carrying treasure
Conquistadors Push North
• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain
(1513)
• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores
Southwest, finds little gold
• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest
• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of
Santa Fe
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Opposition to Spanish Rule
Protests Against Mistreatment
• Catholic priests protest mistreatment
of Native Americans
African Slavery and Native
Resistance
• Spain abolishes encomienda system
(1542)
• This was promoted by Bartoleme
de Las Casas, however the need for
workers in mines and on farms
caused him to suggest African
Slavery
• Native Indian labor in Latin
America during the colonial period
led to large numbers of African
slaves being imported
• Spain ultimately becomes the 1st
European country to import slaves
from Africa to the Americas.
•Some Native Americans resist
Spanish conquerors
• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion
against Spanish in modern New
Mexico
• Spanish driven out, but return
12 years later to stay
Why did the Spanish have
to start using African
slaves?
European Nations Settle
North America
Competing Claims in North America
Other European Claims in North America
• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North
America
Explorers Establish New France
• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
• New France—French colony in North
America
• New France includes Great Lakes and
Mississippi River valley
A Trading Empire
• New France is very large but has few
inhabitants
• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade
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The English Arrive in North America
The First English Colony
• King James permits investors to start North American colony
• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English settlement in Virginia
The Settlement at Jamestown
• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement
takes hold….b/c the goal of the English was to increase their territory
Puritans Create a “New England”
• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found Plymouth in 1620
• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle
in Massachusetts
• Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to grow
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The English Arrive in North America
The Dutch originally settle Now York aka.
“New Netherland”
• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for
Dutch
• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now
known as Albany and New York City
• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other
lands
Colonizing the Caribbean
• European nations also start
colonies in Caribbean
• Large cotton, sugar plantations
worked by enslaved
Africans
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The Struggle for North America
The English Oust the Dutch
• New Netherland splits northern & southern
English colonies so the English wanted full
control
• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to
surrender control
• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in
13 colonies
England Battles France
• English settlers, pushing west, collide with
French possessions
• French and Indian War—part of Seven
Years’
War—begins (1754)
• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies
Native Americans Respond
A Strained Relationship
• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with
Native Americans
• English settlers and Native Americans disagree
over land, religion
Settlers and Native Americans Battle
• Hostility often breaks out into war
• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks
on colonists in 1675
Natives Fall to Disease
• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than
European diseases
• These Native American deaths due to disease
led to severe shortage of labor in the colonies
• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place
of Native Americans
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
Slavery in Africa
• Slavery had existed in Africa for
centuries, but been minor practice
• In the 7th century, the spread of
Islam produces more slavery in
Africa. However slavery in African
and Muslim lands was different
from in the Americas.
• In African & Muslim lands, slaves
have some rights.
•In the Americas, slavery was
based on race and was hereditary.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
The Demand for Africans
• In the 1600s, the interest of Europeans in Africa was because of
their need for workers in the American colonies led to increased demands
for enslaved Africans
Europeans Preferred African Slaves over Native American Workers
1. Africans could withstand diseases
2. Have farming skills
3. Unlikely to escape, b/c they didn’t know the landscape
Atlantic slave trade: forced movement of many
Africans to Americas
The Causes of African Slavery
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
• By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans
in Spanish colonies
• Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar
plantations in Brazil
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
England Dominates the Slave Trade
• From 1690 to 1807, England dominates
slave trade
• About 400,000 enslaved Africans
brought to North American colonies
African Cooperation and
Resistance
• Many African rulers capture
people to be sold into slavery
• Later, some rulers protest the
trade
A Forced Journey
The Triangular Trade
• Triangular trade—trade network linking
Europe, Africa, Americas
• Routes:
Interactive
1. manufactured goods move from
Europe (England) to Africa
2. people move from Africa to
Americas
- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from
Americas to Europe
The Middle Passage
• Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas known as
the middle passage, because it was the 2nd or
middle part of the triangular trade
• As many as 20 percent of Africans die on these
journeys
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The Triangular Trade
•New England, New York, and Philadelphia were all a part of the
triangular trade
• England Exported manufactured goods
• West Indies exported sugar and molasses to England, New
York, & Philadelphia & then New England, Philadelphia, &
New York export dish, lumber, and grain to the West Indies,
Spain, Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira Islands
• The Middle Passage transported gold and enslaved
Africans
Who provided the
slaves for the trade?
Slavery in the Americas
A Harsh Life
• In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to
highest bidder
• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,
housing, clothing
Resistance and Rebellion
• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions
• Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly
• Some run away or take part in revolts
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Results in Atlantic Slave Trade
In African societies suffer from loss
of so many people
• African families disrupted
• Many cultures lost their fittest
members
In Americas, labor of enslaved
people helps build new societies
• Enslaved Africans affect culture in
Americas
• Population in Americas changes
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The Columbian Exchange
& Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange
• Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food, plants, animals
• East to West: Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in Eastern
Hemisphere
• East to West: livestock, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in
Americas
• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans
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Global Trade
Changing Economies
• Wealth from Americas & growth of trade
overseas lead to new businesses and trade
practices in Europe during the 16th & 17th
centuries
The Rise of Capitalism
• New economic system—capitalism—based on
private property, profit
• Financial success in the American colonies
and increase in business leads to inflation—
rising prices—in Europe
• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high
inflation in Spain
Joint-Stock Companies
• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,
profits of business
• These companies help fund colonies in
America
The Growth of Mercantilism
New Economic Policy
• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power
• The way to do this is through a balance of trade
Balance of Trade
• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver
• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more goods than
it buys
• Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make
goods
The Growth of Mercantilism
Economic Revolution Changes European
Society
• Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of
merchant class
• Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas
The Age of Exploration
Results of the Age of Exploration
• European influence spreads to the Western
hemisphere
• Native American Population between 1492 to 1608
decreases by millions due to diseases introduced by
the Spanish