Transcript File - Mrs. Davies U.S. History

Exploration
Chapter 3
Vikings
• Norseman -The first
Europeans to impact
the North American
People
• The Vikings 1000 A.D.:
Raiders of North Europe,
who would rush in on their
unsuspecting victims: they
would kill women and
children as well as men.
What they couldn’t steal, or
take with them, they would
burn. (Berserk-most fear
Viking warrior.)
• Knarrs - Their ships allowed
them easy escape and silent
attacks. The ships were the
best of the times; they had
keels that prevented rolling
and increased speed and
mobility. A warship was
equipped with 15 to 30
pairs of oars and had a longup curving prow that ended
with a wood carving prow
that ended with a carving of
a dragon or snake.
Leif Erikson: Leif, Tornvald, Thornstein,
Freudis (children of Erick by Thjodild)
• Erik the Red- Was kicked out of
Iceland because of murder. He
and his kinsman sailed for
Greenland and settled. About
1000 A.D. Erik’s son Leif led an
expedition west to find new
territory. Leif landed on the east
coast of North America
(Newfoundland) and called it
“Vinland” because of the grapes
they found. Leif returned to
Greenland and reported his
findings. According to legend,
natives pushed the Vikings out of
North America, but archeological
finds prove the Vikings landed.
• In 1960 – Viking ruins were found
proving the sagas were true –
Vikings were the first Europeans
to settle on North America.
Middle Ages
• Roman Empire declines
• Europe breaks into
Manors and function as a
Feudal society.
• Exposure to new ideas
and goods and the Black
Plague change European
cultures from agriculture
to a trade market
• Crusades – 200 years of
religious wars for control
of the Holy Land between
Christians and Muslims.
Cruel and bloody, the
theme of movement of
ideas and goods were
exchanged created a new
market for Asian goods
and inventions between
Europe and Asia.
Why explore?
• Trade (the want and need
for goods)
• Fame (drive to be known $)
• Conquest (rule over others
– slave markets)
• Gold (money makes people
do things they normally
would never do)
• God (to spread religious
beliefs or to save souls)
• Safety (to avoid being
punished at home)
• A Royal Fifth – the country
that sponsored the explorer
was to get the profits of the
trips. The Spanish Crown
demanded 1/5 of all wealth
to return to Spain.
• The Catholic Church sent
missionaries or priests to
ensure the church received
its share and the word of
god was taken to the
natives.
Marco Polo
• 1271, the Italian trading
family took 17 year old
Marco overland to Cathay
to live with the Kahn for 17
years. This opened trading
network that became
expensive to pay the various
kingdoms and groups
between Turkey and China
to allow passage. Goods
were very expensive, but
demand was worth the
price.
• 1290 – Marco Polo’s book,
Description of the World
was printed. The world
learned of gunpowder,
rubies, silk, spices to
preserve food, inventions of
printing presses and paper
and wanted to know more.
This started the Renaissance
– the rebirth of learning in
Europe and provoked travel.
East meets West
• Mansa Musa (Mali)– wealthy
Muslim who traveled most of
Africa to the Alexandria and the
Mediterranean and to
Constantinople. He took gold to
trade for salt to cure and
preserve food. He controlled
Timbuktu and western Africa and
established universities to
spread knowledge and record
histories later conquered by
Songhai. European contact with
African groups expanded trade
and navigational knowledge.
• Holy Land – Palestine and
Jerusalem, the location of the
monotheistic religions: Judaism,
Islam, Christianity.
• All three believe in one god and
the basic ideals to live a selfless
life and serve others and god
through prayer and action.
• When Muslims take Jerusalem,
the Christians call out for a holy
war to reclaim the Holy Land that
lasted for 200+ years
• Exposure to new products and
ideas – Desire to trade and
improve life in Europe occurs.
1350 – Black Death
• Fleas bit rats and cats and
dogs – animals inside
homes brought the fleas
to humans and virus was
spread: egg size swelling,
rash or hemorrhage
encircled the waist,
stench from sweat,
excrement, breath was
horrible.
• Death came within 4 to 6
days of contraction.
• Bodies burned to stop the
spread.
• ¼ population died,
bringing an end to the
Feudal system.
• Most stone masons and
architects died leaving
Cathedrals unfinished for
100 years.
1400’s- Exploration
• Europeans wanted a
trade route between
Europe and Asia
because Muslim traders
were charging very high
prices for Far Eastern
goods. Portugal
searched for a sea route
east. Spain searched for
a sea route west.
• Prince Henry of
Portugal – a sea route
with carvel ships “Age
of Exploration
• B. Dias – Sailed to Cape
Hope, a way around
Africa
• Vasco DaGama sailed to
India 1497-8 $$$$$
Christopher Columbus 1492
• Real names: Cristofo Colombo
(Italy), Cristo’bal Colon (Spain)
•
• Myths: -C.C. was not the first
man to discover America;
•
-C.C. was not trying to
prove the earth was round;
•
-C.C. died not knowing he
had discovered a new world.
• Why he went: - read about
Marco Polo’s adventures in
China, and thought he could
sail 2,500 miles west and
reach the eastern shore of
Orient. (It was really 10,000
miles.)
•
-father-in-law
had many charts and maps he
used.
•
-Queen Isabella of Spain
told him that she would make
him viceroy (governor) of any
new lands he might acquire for
Spain.
The first Voyage: C.C. left Spain Aug.3,
1492
• Land was sighted on
October 12, 1492, and he
landed on the present day
island of San Salvador. He
thought he had found the
East Indies, so he called
the island natives
“Indians.”
• Claimed all the lands for
Spain as “Asia”
• The Importance: CC set
out not knowing where
he was going; when he
arrived he didn’t know
where he was; when he
got home, he didn’t know
where he had been. But
he opened a new
continent for trade,
increased the knowledge
of the world’s geography,
and started more voyages
of exploration.
John Cabot – 1497
• An Italian who believed
Columbus had found the
correct route to China, but
felt he could shorten the
distance by sailing farther
north. Cabot left May 1497
on the ship the Mathew
with a crew of 18 – land was
sighted June 24, 1497.
• Cabot returned to England
and reported he had
reached northern Asia and
the fish so plentiful that all
you had to do was lower a
basket into the sea to fill it.
(The Grande Banks)
• Importance: Cabot’s
voyages gave England claim
to North America and led to
the founding of English
colonies in America.
The Line of Demarcation – 1493
• The voyages west brought the vision of larger empires
to exploring countries of Portugal and Spain. When CC
returned to Spain in 1493, the news of new lands
stirred greed; in order to prevent disputes and to find a
way to control Christian missionary work, Pope
Alexander VI drew an imaginary north-south-line on a
map called the “Papal Line of Demarction.” It said that
Spain was permitted to have all of the land west of the
line and Portugal was given everything to the east of
the line.
• Portugal was not happy! In 1494 the line was moved
farther west and provided Portugal claim to Brazil.
Exploration – Hey, this can’t be Asia….
• Amerigo Vespucci –
1497-1503 made four
voyages to the New
World as an Italian
explorer for whom
America was named
1497 reached the
Continental land or
mainland and called it a
“New World”
• Vespucci was one of the
first to realize that the
“new lands to the west
were not Asia, but a
different land.
Mapmakers named the
new land AMERICA in
honor of the Italian
explorer.
• Line of Demarcation or misguided
find of Pedro Alavares Cabral
(1500 was enroute to India and
was blown off course by the
prevailing winds and landed on
the coast of Brazil.) Portuguese
claim to Brazil…
• 1513-1521 -Ponce De Leon-Sailed
for Spain on Columbus’s 2nd
voyage. He conquered Puerto
Rico, Granada, and was ordered
to conquer Bimini. He set sail
toward Bimini in 1513. According
to legend, there was a fountain of
youth on one of the Bimini, Ponce
De Leon coasted the mainland
along Florida. He thought it was
an island, named it Florida
“Flowery Easter”, and claimed it
for Spain, conquered the Caribs.
He was very old for the time – his
age gave the legend of the
fountain of youth and most think
he was searching for gold.
• In 1521 he attempted to go back
to Florida, was shot with an
arrow and died, at the age of 61.
Exploration - $, Land, God, Eldorado
• Balboa – 1513 he left Spain to
seek his fortune in America;
lived on Hispaniola and
became deeply in debt and ran
away. As a stowaway, he was
able to overthrow the
commander and take control
of the men and explored to
find gold. The natives told him
that farther south he would
find mountain people that ate
from golden plates and drank
from golden cups near the
great sea. The overthrown
commander returned to Spain
and demanded Balboa’s death.
• Balboa knew his only defense
was to find gold and on
September 25, 1513, he went
in search of the legend. He
reached the highest point in
Panama and saw the Pacific
Ocean. He called it the “South
Sea” and claimed it and all the
land it touched for the King of
Spain. In 1517, Balboa was
captured and executed for
treason.
Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese
navigator
• 1509-sailed east as far as
Singapore
• 1510-helped conquer Goa, India
• 1510-18- wanted to get involved
in Spice trade and felt that there
was a southern passage around
South America. He also thought
the “South Sea” was a small body.
• September 20, 1519- Magellan
sailed for Spain toward South
America with 5 ships and 240
men. Sailed along the eastern
coast of South America, found
the strait of “Magellan” and
sailed into the Pacific Ocean
(Peaceful) *The huge ocean
caused the men to run short of
food and water and to suffer from
scurvy. Landed in the Philippines
and was killed April 1521. Cano
took command of the one
remaining ship and a crew of 18
men, found Singapore, sailed to
Spain (Sept. 6, 1522) to complete
the first voyage around the world
(3 years).
Conquest of the Aztec and Inca
•
Cortez – 1519, led and expedition to
the Yucatan Peninsula to verify
rumors of riches. He took: 500 men,
16 horses, armor, swords, and matchlock muskets (all were magical to the
natives) The year of the reed was
1519 on the Aztec calendar and the
year the white god of learning,
Quetzacoatl, was to return seek
vengeance upon the Aztecs. Cortez
used this legend to his favor, the
enemies of the Aztecs as allies,
destroyed the Aztec gods without
repercussion, and conquered
Tenochtitlan by 1521. He as named
the Royal Governor of Mexico and
brought Spain $$$$$$$$$$$
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Pizarro – 1531-41, served with Balboa
and explored Central America
Built ships on the south side of
Panama isthmus and sailed toward
Peru, with 180 men, horses, cannons,
and guns in 1532
Found Atahaulpa at Cajamarca,
captured and held the Inca for
ransom of a room 17”x19” filled once
with gold and twice with silver
Each low soldier was paid 40 pounds
gold and 90 pounds in silver
1535 Lima made the capital to send
the royal fifth and the church fifth to
Europe
1541 Pizarro assassinated, Spain
claim most of South America
40year fight to control Inca empire
French enter exploration
• Verrazano- (1524) led a French
expedition to the New World to
find riches and to locate a
western passage to Asia. He
sailed along the eastern coast of
the U.S.A. and into N.Y. Bay and
then as far north as Nova Scotia.
France used his voyage as claim
to the New World and used his
description to map the coast for
North America from North
Carolina to Maine. He pirated
Spanish ships for France later on.
• Cartier – 1534-42 sailed up the St.
Lawrence River claiming it for
France, set up fur trade with
Native Americans
• Samuel de Champlain Father of
New France, explored the Great
Lakes and befriended the Indians
1603-1615
• Louis Joliet (Fur Trader) and
Jacque Marquette (priest) explore
Mississippi
• Robert de LaSalle Followed the
Mississippi to its mouth and
claimed all the lands of the
Mississippi Valley drainage and
named it Louisianna in honor of
the king
One golden city, must be more…
• Cabeza DeVaca – 1528, sent
to colonize Florida,
shipwrecked off of the Texas
coast and was captured by
the Indians. He escaped
walked to Mexico where he
told stories of golden cities
to the north of Mexico.
These reports provoked
many Spanish expeditions
to the north!
• Pizarro 1531-33: Served
with Balboa and know of
the legend of riches to the
south. He found the Inca in
a civil war and captured the
Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and
held him for ransom. Once
the ransom was paid,
Atahualpa was killed in
1535 near present day Lima,
Peru. Jealous partners of
Pizarro assassinated him in
1541.
Eldorado
• Hernan DeSoto – Cruel
conquistador, former
partner of Pizarro, left
retirement to lead a group
of nobles to Florida
searching for a golden city.
• Traveled FL, GA, SC, AL, MS,
LA, TX – destroying native
villages and leaving disease
that decimated the
population – Spain claimed
Southeastern part of USA
• Coronado 1540 -1544:
Searched North into Texas,
New Mexico, Kansas, and
Arizona for the Seven Cities
of Gold (Cibolia). He found
the Zuni pueblos that were
rich with food storage, but
not gold. He found the
Grand Canyon and brought
Spanish settlement to the
Southwest with a brutality
the Indians had never seen
before.
Exploration- “Searching for a Passage
West” Move over Spain, the rest of
the world wants part of the wealth…..
• Jacques Cartier (1524-35) No
one knew how big North
America was, so the King of
France sent Cartier to find the
“Northwest Passage” to Asia.
Cartier’s voyages were the
beginning of the French
empire in North America.
Cartier explored the coast of
the Newfoundland, found and
sailed up the St. Lawrence
River, and founded the
settlement that is now
Montreal.
•
Sir Francis Drake (1572-1580) Worked in the
West Indies as a trading ship captain, the
fleet was attacked by the Spanish and Drake
wanted revenge upon the Spanish. England
wanted in on the “goods” and “secretly”
backed Drake’s attack on the Spanish. In
1572, Drake landed in Panama and captured
30 tons of silver that was headed for Spain.
In 1577, with the ship the Golden Hind,
Drake got the queen’s permission to sail to
the Pacific Ocean and attack the Spanish
settlements long the western coast of South
America. He continued to sail north
searching for the western outlet of the
“Northwest Passage” and got as far north as
Vancouver Island (claimed by England).
• Henry Hudson – 1607-1611
He as sent to find the
Northwest Passage by way
of the North Pole. He found
Hudson Bay and Strait,
corrected many maps of the
area. In 1611 Hudson’s ship
and crew were frozen-in the
Hudson Bay area, the crew
mutinied and set Hudson
and his son adrift. England
claimed all of the Hudson
Bay area.
• Where they went, when
they landed, and the people
they met would never be
the same. The claiming of
the land had to be done by
people. You had to get your
country on the map – how
to get them to pay their
own way and stay had to be
difficult task. But the
Europeans had their way
and the “New World” would
be competed for by anyone
who could get here.
They tried to Help
• Barholome de Las Casas –
”the protector of the
Indians” came with
Columbus and saw the
horrible things the
Spaniards did to the natives.
• -recorded the suicides and
drop in population
• Appealed to the crown for
laws to help
• Laws were passed, but not
enforced
• Juanna Ines de la Cruz is the
example of the limits placed
on women
• 2 choices: to marry and
become the property of
their husbands with no legal
rights or to join a convent
and serve the church with
one advantage to learn to
read and write
• She wrote poetry about
women’s rights, shunned
• Considered America’s first
great poet