Transcript explorationx - Elmwood Park Memorial High School

The Age of Exploration
By Mr. Stankus
How did changes in science
lead to an age of exploration?
An Analysis of the Scientific
Revolution
Vocabulary
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Roger Bacon
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Andreas Vesalius
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Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
Robert Boyle
Scientific Method
Geocentric Theory
Heliocentric Theory
Causes of Scientific Revolution
Advances of Scientific Revolution
Summary Assignment:
• Using your knowledge of the scientific
revolution and the pictures on the next
slide, write a one page summary
predicting how scientific discoveries and
inventions led to an age of exploration.
• Assess which invention had the greatest
impact and which invention had the least
impact.
1400 AD
Factors encouraging exploration
• Gold
– The Wealth and growth of what area of
Europe was envied by other areas of Europe?
– Italian City-States
• God
– Reformation and Increase of Muslim
expansion weakened Christianity so the
Churches sought to strengthen it by…
– Sending missionaries to converting new areas
• Glory
– adventurous explorers sought to make a
name for themselves and their countries.
Name three.
How were early explorations
accomplished?
Vocabulary
• Prince Henry
• Dias
• DeGama
• Columbus
• Magellan
• Marco Polo
• John Cabot
• Circumnavigation
• Caravel:
• Astrolabe:
• Compass:
I. Age of Exploration (Review)
• 1453 Constantinople captured by the Turks
– prices for Asian goods through the Mediterranean
skyrocketed
• Europeans considered the sea as a possible route
to Asia.
– Direct route = more wealth
• Overseas voyages became the world's first global
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age.
Innovations in the construction of ships Caravel
– multiple masts
– rudder to stern
II. Portugal Leads the Way
• Prince Henry (the Navigator) started a school of navigation
in Portugal
• Portugal -first European country down the west coast of
Africa in search of a sea route to Asia.
• In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias discovered the southern tip of
Africa, Cape of Good Hope
• In 1497 four ships led by Vasco da Gama sailed from
Portugal for India.
III. Spain’s Quest for Riches
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain backed the
expeditions of an Italian navigator named Christopher
Columbus.
• Columbus made four voyages to the Caribbean islands and
South America, certain that he had discovered a new route
to Asia.
• Amerigo Vespucci suggest that Columbus had discovered a
"New World."
• The pope drew an imaginary line of demarcation, giving
Portugal control of lands to the east and Spain control of
lands to the west.
Christopher Columbus
Wanted to Prove that the World
was Round because everyone
thought it was flat.
Here is the Real Story!
• Europeans had known that the earth was round since the time
of Aristotle, so the plan was theoretically possible. But drawing
on ancient Greek measurements of the earth's size, the
commission determined (quite correctly, as it turned out) that
the distance from Spain westward to China was so great that
no ship of that era could hope to make the voyage.
IV. Voyage of Magellan
• In 1519 a five-ship expedition set sail under the Spanish
flag to find a western route to Africa.
• passed around the southern tip of South America into the
South Sea, which Magellan renamed the Pacific Ocean.
• Philippines, Magellan was caught in a local skirmish and
killed.
• The surviving crew escaped to sail for Spain, completing the
first circumnavigation of the globe, and proving that the
world is round.
Vocabulary
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Joint-Stock company:
Mercantilism:
Tariff:
Subsides:
Colonialism:
Columbian Exchange:
Middle Class:
Commercial Revolution:
Capitalism:
Domestic System:
Triangular Trade
I. The Commercial Revolution
• Economic changes as a result of exploration
• By the 1600s:
– the rise of the capitalist economic system
– national trade replaced the city trade
– Governments and rich merchants alone had enough money
to finance trading voyages
– Banking families were replaced by government-chartered
banks.
– Individual merchants often raised money by combining their
resources in joint-stock companies/dividends.
– a system based on the belief that the goal of business was
to make profits took shape, Capitalism.
II. Expansion of World Trade
• New Products introduced into Europe
– Corn, potatoes, tobacco, tea
• Living standards improved in Europe
• Growth of banking and insurance
• Growth of domestic system and factory
system
III. Shift in Economic Power
– Trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean
Sea to the Atlantic Ocean
– Italian city-states and German city-states
decline
– England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the
Netherlands increase in trade
– Rise of the Middle Class as bankers,
merchants, business owners, etc. (they lack
social status and political power)
IV. Mercantilism
• Mercantilism (Business Competition) a state's power
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depended on its wealth, the goal of every nation was
to become as wealthy as possible.
Europeans believed measure of a nation's wealth was
amount of bullion, or gold and silver, it owned.
Nations could gain wealth by mining gold and silver
at home or overseas and through trade.
To increase national wealth governments
– aided, subsidized, businesses producing goods for export.
– Encouraged private ownership of property and businesses
(capitalism)
– Created Colonies,
• ruled by a parent country,
• sources of raw materials
• markets for finished goods
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This process was called Colonialism.
– Created Tariffs or a tax on imported goods kept the colonies
from developing and the mother country strong.
V. European Daily Life
• Merchants prospered most from the
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expansion of trade and empire
Merchants began to surpass the nobility in
both wealth and power thereby creating a
new Middle Class. They had the wealth of
the nobles and the status of the peasants
In the countryside, however, peasants
lived as meagerly as they ever had.
VI. A Global Exchange
• During the Commercial Revolution, Europe's
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population grew rapidly and became more mobile.
As Europe's trade expanded, it contributed to a
worldwide exchange of people, goods,
technology, ideas and diseases. This exchange
between the old world and the new came to be
known as the Columbian exchange.
European influences profoundly affected local
cultures, sometimes negatively; in turn, local
cultures, particularly those in Asia, influenced
European arts, styles, and foods.
ECONOMY
Wealth Based on Land
Manorialism
Peasant/Lord
SOCIAL
Farming/Estates
POLITICAL
Lords/Clergy
Feudalism/Catholicism
Wealth Based on Trade
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Colonialism
Peasant/Lord/Craftsmen/Merchants
(Middle Class)
Towns
Cities Nations Colonies
Kings/Nations/Absolute Monarchies
Nationalism/Divine Right/Colonial Empires
1400 AD
1500 AD
1600 AD
1700 AD
How did early exploration
lead to the growth of
empires?
Vocabulary
• Philip II
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Cortes
• Northwest Passage
• Conquistador
• Fur trade
• Aztecs
• Henry Hudson
• William of Orange
• John Cabot
• Middle Passage
• Cartier
I. Portugal and Spain
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Africa and Asia
trade rather than colonization.
colonized the area of present-day Brazil but went no further into South
America in honor of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
• Spain:
– conquistador, Hernan Cortes, allied with local enemies of the Aztecs.
– within three years, Aztec resistance to the Spanish force ended and Cortes ruled
Mexico.
– conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, invaded the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.
– By the 1600s Spain's empire under Philip II included much of North and South
America as well as islands in the West Indies.
– two main goals for its American empire: to acquire its wealth and to convert
Native Americans to Christianity.
– Sought a European empire and gain lands from the Protestants by creating an
Armada
• The Native American population declined because of mistreatment
and disease, the Spaniards then brought over enslaved workers
from Africa, further adding to a new culture.
II. Colonies of the Netherlands
• In 1602 the Dutch under William of Orange
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chartered the Dutch East India Company to
expand trade and ensure close relations with
Asia.
pushed the Portuguese and English out of Asian
outposts.
In 1621 the Dutch chartered the Dutch West
India Company in the Americas
the company founded New Amsterdam on
Manhattan Island
III. French and English
Colonies
• England (John Cabot) and France turned toward North
America to seek a Northwest Passage to Asia
• Northwest Passage failed to materialize they set up trading
colonies
– the French companies sought trade
– the English used colonies to provide the raw materials.
• The French navigator Jacques Cartier, seeking a Northwest
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Passage through America to Asia, claimed much of eastern
Canada for France.
1600s after defeating the Spanish Armada, the English
founded settlements in the Americas, Jamestown Virginia
Plymouth Massachusetts.
English pushed out the Native Americans
the English emerged as the leading European power in
much of North America, “the Sun Never Sets on the English
Empire”.
IV. Slave Trade
• In the 1600s European economies in the Americas
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based on the labor of enslaved Africans.
triangular trade, European ships carried manufactured
goods to West Africa and sold the goods for enslaved
people then carried the slaves across the Atlantic and
sold them in the Americas; the ships returned to Europe
to sell the American goods.
An enslaved person's journey from Africa to the
Americas was a ghastly ordeal called the Middle
Passage,
An anti-slavery movement, gained power in the early
1800s.
The most successful uprising occurred in the Frenchruled West Indian island of Saint Domingue, leading to
the creation of the republic of Haiti in 1804.