Transcript Period 1 1491-1607 Powerpoint

Period 1: 1491-1607
Chapter 1 A New World of
Many Cultures
Once Upon a Time A Long Long Time Ago,
40,000 years ago to be exact, the first
people to settle North America arrived. At
that time, waves of migrants from Asia may
have crossed a land bridge that then
connected Siberia and Alaska.
Over a long period of time people migrated to
South America. Estimates of Native pop. in the
Americas in the 1490s vary from 50 to 75
million persons. And of course you have heard that
the Vikings made voyages to the America’s as
well.
Mayas
• Between A.D. 300 and 800 the Mayas
built cities in the rain forests of the
Ycatan Peninsula (present day
Guatemala, Belize , and Southern
Mexico).
• Chichen Itza built pyramids for
religious ceremonies sacrifices.
Located in the rain forests of Central Mexico
Yucatan
Peninsula
Mayan Pyramid at Chichen Itza
Site of Human Sacrifice & Blood-letting
Maya
• Capital city was Chichen Itza
• Cities were quite elaborate featuring palaces,
temples, & large pyramids
• Mayan city-states were independent connected
through trade
• Important agriculture products included maize,
beans, & squash
Maya
• The Maya had a mysterious end.
• In the late 800’s, the Maya abandoned
their cities
• Theories for this abandonment include
warfare among the Maya, population
growth & over-farming perhaps causing
disease & famine.
Aztec’s
• The Aztecs from central Mexico developed
a powerful empire.
• The Aztec Capital Tenochtitlan had a
population of about 200,000.
The Aztecs were located in the arid
valley in central Mexico
Aztec
• The Aztec’s most important city was
Tenochtitlan.
• Had a population of over 20,000 people
• The city was located on an island and
accessed by the mainland by 3 raised
roads called causeways.
• Canals crisscrossed the city for
transportation, streets were planned,
sections of the city divided.
Tenochtitlan = Capital City
Canals
Aztecs were ruled by an Emperor
Aztec society was based on Warfare
Aztecs were known for Human Sacrifices
Incas
• The Incas based in Peru developed a vast
empire in South America.
Inca Civilization (1438-1535)
Incans were located in the Andes
Mountains in South America
Machu Pichu capital
Terrace Farming
Road System connected the Incan Empire
Incan Road System
Cultures of North America
• The population in the region north of
Mexico (present day U.S. and Canada) in
the 1490s may have been anywhere from
under 1 million to more than 10 million.
• Native societies in this region were smaller
and less sophisticated than those in South
America.
• One reason for this is the slow spread of
corn cultivation from Mexico Northward.
Cultures of North America
• Some of the most populous and complex
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societies in North America had disappeared by
the 15th c. for reasons that are not well known.
By Columbus, most people had semi permanent
settlements in groups seldom exceeding 300
people.
The men spent their time making tools and
hunting for game, while the women gathered
plants and nuts or grew crops such as corn,
beans, and tobacco.
Cultures of North America
• Language
• Cultures of American Indians were very diverse.
• For example most all European Languages are
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part of one language family, American Indian
languages constituted more than 20 language
families.
The Largest were Algonquian in the Northeast,
Siouan on the Great Plains, and Athabaskan in
the Southwest. Amongst these there were more
than 400 distinct languages.
Cultures of North America
• Southwest Settlements
• In present day New Mexico and Arizona =
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Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos.
Farming with Irrigation
Caves, under Cliffs, in multistoried buildings
By Columbus extreme drought and other hostile
natives had decimated their populations.
Pueblo Settlement
Anasazi Settlement
Hokokam Settlement
Cultures of North America
• Northwest Settlements
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Pacific Coast from modern day Alaska to California
Permanent longhouses or plank houses
Hunting, Fishing, Gathering.
Totem Poles to record history
The High mountains isolated tribes from on another
creating barriers to development.
Cultures of North America
• Great Plains
• Nomadic Hunters or sedentary people who farmed and
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traded
Nomadic tribes hunted Buffalo, lived in tepees.
Farming Tribes, earthen lodges along rivers, raised corn,
beans, and squash, traded with other tribes.
17th c. Spanish brought horses to the Americas
As a result the Lakota Sioux moved away from farming to
hunting.
Plains Tribes would merge or split and migrated. The
Apaches migrated southward from Canada to Texas.
Cultures of North America
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Midwest Settlements
East of the Mississippi River, Woodland American Indians
Hunting, Fishing, and Agriculture
Many permanent settlements developed in the Mississippi
and Ohio River Valleys.
• Adena-Hopewell in Ohio Large Earthen Mounds some as
large as 300 feet long.
• Cahokia East St. Louis Illinois 30,000 in habitants.
Cultures of North America
• Northeast Settlements
• Descendants of the Adena-Hopewell tribe spread from
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Ohio to New York.
Hunting and Farming
Farming Techniques exhausted the soil quickly so moved
often.
Iroquois Confederation = Political Union of five tribes,
lived in the Mohawk Valley of New York. Seneca, Cayuga,
Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk.
Multiple Families related through the mother lived in
longhouses up to 200 feet long.
Cultures of North America
• Atlantic Seaboard Settlements
• New Jersey to Florida = Coastal Plains Region
• Descendants of the Woodland Mound Builders they built
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timber and bark lodgings along rivers.
Rivers and Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food.
• http://youtu.be/1CXsd9PinaE
What caused Europeans to
move toward Exploration?
• Why was an oceanic crossing and
exploration accomplished in the late 15th
century and not before?
1.)
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Improvements in Technology
Religious Conflict
Expanding Trade
Developing Nation-States
1.)
Improvements in Technology
Renaissance – rebirth of
classical learning and
outburst of artistic and
scientific activity. Late
1400s early 1500s
Europeans began using
gunpowder invented by
the Chinese
Sailing Compass Adopted
from the Chinese from
Arab Merchants
Improvements in
shipbuilding and
mapmaking
Printing Press 1450s
2.)
Religious Conflict
• Who was going to have more
converts the Catholics or the
Muslims? Spain is Catholic so they
wanted to go out exploring to
make more people Catholic.
3.)
Expanding Trade
• Economic motives for exploration grew out of a fierce
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competition among European kingdoms for increased
trade with Africa, India, and China.
Traditionally, trade went from Venice to Constantinople
to China this land route to Asia had become blocked
when in 1453 the Ottoman Turks seized control of
Constantinople.
Might a new way to the rich Asian trade be opened up
by sailing either west across the Atlantic or south along
the African Coast?
SO… Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal sent
explorations around coast of Africa succeeded in 1498
Sea Captain Vasco Da Gama was the first European to
reach India this way.
But while Portugal was going around Africa Spain sent
Columbus in 1492 to find India by going across the
ocean.
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Developing Nation-States
• A Nation State is a country in which the majority
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of people share both a common culture and
common political loyalties toward a central
government.
The monarchs of emerging Nation States
depended on trade to bring in needed revenues
and the church to justify their right to rule.
Each new developing country wanted to be as
big and bad as England, Spain, and France how
were they going to prove they were big and bad
explore and get land.
• Until the late 1400’s, Americans had
no knowledge of the continents on
the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
Neither did Europeans or Asians know
of the existence of the two American
continents (North and South America)
Voyages and Settlements such as
those of the Vikings around the year
1000 to Greenland and North America
had no lasting impact. Columbus
finally brought Europe and the
Americas into contact.
Christopher Columbus
• Why did Columbus
want to go
Exploring’
• Spices
• Wealth
• How did he think
he could get there?
What was his plan?
• On the evening of
August 3, 1492,
Columbus departed
with three ships; one
larger Santa Maria
and two smaller Pinta,
and Santa Clara
nicknamed Nina. He
then set out on his
five-week voyage
across the ocean.
Replica of the Santa Maria
• Land was sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12,
1492, Columbus called the island (in what
is now The Bahamas) San Salvador.
Exactly which island in the Bahamas this
corresponds to is an unresolved topic. The
indigenous people he encountered, the
Lucayan, Taino or Arawak, were peaceful
and friendly.
FYI – Interesting Fact
• There is increasing modern scientific
evidence that this voyage also brought
syphilis back from the New World.
Now for Some Group Work
• The Trial of Columbus
• A monstrous crime has been committed on the
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island of Hispaniola. Millions of Tainos have lost
their lives. Who and/or what was responsible for
this slaughter?
The groups charged and brought before the
court are Columbus, Columbus’s Men, King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Tainos, and The
System of Empire.
Jury it will be your role to decide after hearing
the cases who is guilty.
• Was anyone entirely not guilty?
• Are the Tainos in some part responsible
for their own deaths?
• Why didn’t the Tainos just kill Columbus?
• Who is more responsible the Boss or the
employees?
• Can you imagine a peaceful meeting
between the Europeans and Tainos? Or
did the European life “The System of
Empire” make violence inevitable?
• Why weren’t you told all this before?
• What is bias?
• Is Columbus a Hero or a Villain?
The Columbian Exchange
• Amerigo Vespucci 1502-1504 The
discovered place was not India, as
Columbus always believed, but a new
continent, and in 1507, a year after
Columbus' death, published a world map
calling the new continet America from
Vespucci's Latinized name "Americus".
Who came to the Americas,
Where did the settle, and Why?
• Spain and Portugal were the first to lay claim to
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territories in the New World. The Catholic
monarchs of both countries turned to the Pope
to help settle their dispute over the ownership of
newly discovered lands. In 1493, the Pope drew
a vertical north south line known as the Papal
Line of Demarcation on a world map giving
Spain all lands to the west of the line and
Portugal all lands to the east.
In 1494, the two disputing kingdoms signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas which moved the line a few
degrees to the west.
Spanish Claims
• Conquistadores
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– Vasco Nunez de Balboa across the Isthmus of
Panama
– Ferdinand Magellan’s journeys
– Hernan Cortes conquests of the Aztecs in
Mexico
– Francisco Pizzaro conquests of the Incas in
Peru.
The conquistadores sent ships loaded with gold
and silver back to Spain from the New World.
They increased the gold supply by 500% making
Spain the riches and most powerful in Europe.
Spanish
• The Spanish turned to an Encomienda system
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with the king of Spain giving grants of land and
Native Americans to individual Spaniards. These
Native Americans had to work in the mines. The
products of which went to the Spanish master
who in turn had to “care” for them.
When the Europeans’ brutality and diseases
reduced the Native American population the
Spanish brought slaves from West Africa under
the Asiento System. This required the Spanish
to pay a tax to their king on each slave they
imported.
English Claims
• John Cabot under King Henry VII of England. He
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explored the coast in 1497. But no one followed up on it
partly because England was preoccupied with Henry VIII
chopping off peoples heads. Namely his seven wives oh
yeah and he decided to make his own church. Needless
to say the New World was boring in comparison.
Sir Francis Drake 1570’s and 80’s began attacking
Spain’s ships in the Atlantic.
Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at
Roanoke Island off the NC Coast in 1587 but they DIED
or VANISHED or something like that. We really are not
sure.
English Claims
• Roanoke Island We don’t know what
happened.
• Group Work
• Okay History Detectives can you
use the following clues to come
up with a theory as to what
happened to the people of
Roanoke Island. You must tell us
what you think happened and
why!
French Claims
• Giovanni da Verrazan North America’s eastern
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Coast, including New York area.
Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 St. Lawrence River .
The first permanent French settlement was
Samuel De Champlain in 1608 at Quebec on the
St. Lawrence River. “Father of New France”
1673 Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette
explore the upper Mississippi
1682 Robert De La Salle Explored the Mississippi
basin which he names Louisiana (After the
French King Louis XIV)
Dutch Claims
• Henry Hudson 1609 sailed up a broad
river later named what? ….. They also
explored into New Amsterdam (later New
York) The Dutch West India Co. was given
the privilege of taking control of the
region for economic gain.
Spanish Settlements in North
America
Florida - After a number of failed attempts
and against the strong resistance of the
Native Americans the Spanish in 1565
established a permanent settlement at St.
Augustine. Today St. Augustine is the
oldest city in North America
New Mexico - Santa Fe was established as
the capital of New Mexico in 1609. Harsh
efforts to Christianize the Native
Americans caused the Pueblo people to
revolt in 16980. The Spanish were driven
from the area until the early 1700s
Spanish Settlements in
North America
Texas - After they were driven from New Mexico
the Spanish established a few small settlements
in Texas. These Settlements grew in the early
1700s as Spain attempted to resist French
efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River.
California- In response to Russian exploration
from Alaska the Spanish established permanent
settlements at San Diego in 1769 and San
Francisco in 1776 by 1784 a series of missions
or settlements had been established along the
CA coast by members of the Franciscan order.
Father Junipero Serra founded nine of these
missions.
Take a look at the map you need to know where
the Spanish, French, and English settled in the
New World!
European Treatment of Native
Americans
The Spanish - approach was to conquer, rule, and
intermarry with the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. In the
American territories conquered and occupied by Spain,
millions of Native Americans died as a result of both the
conquistadores’ methods of warfare, efforts at
enslavement, European diseases for which the native
Americans had no immunity. Spain incorporated the
conquered peoples of Central and South America into a
highly organized empire. Because few families came
from Spain to settle the empire, the explorers and
adventurers intermarried with Indians as well as with
Africans. The latter group were captured in Africa and
forced to travel across the ocean to provide slave labor
for the Spanish colonists. A rigid class system developed
that was dominated by pure-blooded Spaniards.
European Treatment of Native
Americans
The Spanish – Bartolome de Las Casas –
Spanish priest who persuaded the king to
institute the New Laws of 1542. These
laws ended Indian Slavery, halted forced
Indian labor, and began to end the
Ecomienda system which kept the Indians
in serfdom. However, eventually the
Spanish nobility convinced the king to
repeal some of the laws.
European Treatment of Native
Americans
The Spanish – Valladolid Debate a debate
over the role of Indians in the Spanish
colonies. Took place in 1550-1551 in
Valladolid Spain. Bartolome de Las Casas
argued the Indians were completely
human and enslaving them was a sin.
Another priest Juan Gines de Sepulveda
argued that Indians were less than human
so enslaving them was fine. Neither side
really won but people were at least aware
of the argument.
European Treatment of Native
Americans
• The English
• The American Indians lost their traditional
lands and fell victim to diseases such as
small pox.
• At first they worked together with Natives
think Pocahontas and Squanto but then
increased desire for land led to violent
conflict.
European Treatment of Native
Americans
• The English,- Initially, at least in Mass. The
English and Native Americans coexisted, traded,
and shared ideas. The Native Americans taught
the settlers how to grow new crops such as corn
and showed them how to hunt in the forests.
They traded various furs for an array of English
manufactured goods including iron tools and
weapons. But peaceful relations soon gave way
to conflict and open warfare. The English had no
respect for Native American cultures which they
viewed as primitive or “savage.”
Murder at Mystic Creek
• English colonists commanded by John
Underhill, with Mohegan and Narragansett
allies, launched a night attack a large
Pequot village on the Mystic River in what
is now Connecticut, burning the
inhabitants alive and killing the survivors,
with about 600-700 killed.
European Treatment of Native
Americans
• The French - looking for furs and
converts to Catholicism, tended to treat
the Native Americas as economic and
military allies.
European Treatment of
Native Americans
• Native American Reaction – Native
Americans of North American saw each
other as separate tribes so the Europeans
rarely had a unified Native attack. After
the decimation of their people due to
violence and disease the Natives had to
adopt new ways of life. Most migrated to
new land, some made allies with either
the British, French, or Spanish.