Transcript Exploration and Discovery

Exploration and Discovery
Mr. Marston
Dominion Christian High School
Marietta, GA
Fall 2009
World History
1. Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca (SE
ASIA)
2. A New Player  Europe
Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state
enterprise  monarchs had the
authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming
“Treasure Fleet”: some scholars suggest
he landed on the Pacific Coast of North
America
Marco Polo (1254-1324)
Marco Polo
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Venice, Italy
Visited Asia and China
Met Kublai Khan
Wrote Il Milone
Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’
long and 160’ wide!
1371-1435
Motives for Exploration
• Luxury items from the east
Gems
Diamonds
Rubies
Silk Road
Silk
Porcelain
Spices
Cloves
Cinnamon
Trade with the East was blocked
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Terrain was rugged and difficult to cross
Local rulers charged fees, taxes and tolls
Italians held monopoly on Oriental trade
Rise of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Why Explore
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gold and wealth
Thrill of adventure
Spirit of curiosity
Individual achievement
Fame
Glory
To spread Christianity
Prester John: legend of Christian
monarch among the Muslims. It
was a quest to find him.
Competition between Spain and
Portugal
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation: divided world between Portugal and
Spain
Results of Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1. encouraged Portugal to colonize Africa
and East Asia
• 2. Gave Spain control of the New World,
except Brazil
• 3. Cut Spain off from going east around
Africa to get to India and China
A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
Maps
• Maps became more accurate of the
Mediterranean Sea and along the
European coast
• Maps were updated more regularly
• Still, uncharted waters remained south
towards Africa
Compass
Early Chinese Compass
Compass
• Invented by the Chinese
• Europeans mounted it on a stiff card
marked with the cardinal directions
(north, south, east, west): could now be
used on a moving ship
• Helped sailors determine direction and
follow a definite course
Astrolabe: used to show how the
sky looks at a specific place at a
specific time
Quadrant: used to locate correct latitude by
measuring the altitude of the stars
Cross Staff: used to determine the vessel’s
latitude by measuring the altitude of the North
Star or the sun
Astrolabe, quadrant and crossstaff
• Could determine distance from equator.
• Could determine position with some
degree of accuracy
• Problems:
Difficult to use on a moving ship
Couldn’t use on cloudy days
The Caravel: Portuguese ship developed in the 15th
century with square and lateen sails.
Instrumental in the discovery of the New World.
Sturdy enough ships to sail long distances.
Square: Power
Lateen: Maneuverability
Square Sails:
Lateen Sails
The Greeks knew the world
wasn’t flat!!
• no fear of ships falling off the earth
• Known world was familiar with Africa,
Asia, and Europe in the 14th century
• Columbus underestimated the distance
between the Canary Islands and Japan
by approximately 10,000 miles
Eratosthenes
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Eratosthenes (276 - 195 B.C.)
Eratosthenes used geometry to estimate
the circumference of the Earth.
Eratosthenes measured the altitude of
the noontime sun at Alexandria at its
maximum on Jun 21st. On that date, the
Sun is directly overhead at noontime at
Syene, in southern Egypt (latitude = 23.5
degrees north).
The zenith distance is the angle from the
zenith to the point where the Sun was at
noon; it is also 90 degrees minus the
altitude. At Syene, the zenith distance
was 0 degrees; at Alexandria it was about
7 degrees.
He knew how far it was from Alexandria
to Syene, so he used geometry and the
difference in zenith angle to estimate the
size of the Earth
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Portugal/Spain: Searched for
new trade routes to the East
Trade Routes: Where?
• Southward to Africa
• Westward across the Atlantic
Prince Henry, the Navigator
1394-1460
School for Navigation, 1419
Sagres, Portugal
Remains of Prince Navigator’s School in Sagres,
Portugal: School improved navigational instruments,
drew up more accurate maps, and developed the caravel.
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Never sailed himself
• “greatest figure in the history of
exploration”
• Set up a school of maritime “experts”
(cartographers and seamen) to find a
way to expand Portuguese trade with
the East
• Excited by the possibility of sailing
around Africa and find a water route to
India
Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 (explored and
mapped the African coastline down to
the Cape of Good Hope)
2. Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India)
Calicut.
3. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa,
1510; Malacca, 1511).
Result of de Gama’s success: cut the time
and labor involved in trade, and netted
profit of 600% to his investors.
Portuguese
• Controlled the African route
• Became the dominant European power in
Asia
• Potugeuese colonies in Asia
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco De Gama
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
Christopher Columbus
• Italian from Genoa
• Commissioned by Queen Isabella and King
Ferdinand of Spain to find an alternative
route to Japan and Asia by sailing
westward
• “discovered” the Bahamas and the island
of San Salvador “Holy Savior”
• Opened up the Western Hemisphere to
European exploration and colonization
Landing in the “Indies”
Naming of America
• Italian Amerigo Vespucci explored South
America. A German mapmaker Named
Martin Waldseemoller began to sell maps
with the name “America” written on it.
Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522
Magellan
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Portuguese with Spanish citizenship
First to travel across the Pacific
First to circumnavigate the globe
Magellan was killed in the Philippines
Strait of Magellan
Other Voyages of Exploration
Amerindian Civilization
• Some were farmers and lived in villages
• Others were nomadic and followed herds
of animals
• Worshipped a one “Great Spirit”
5 main regions of Amerindian
Civilization
• 1.Northeastern Indians: Iroquois
Confederacy
• 2. Southeastern Indians: Indian “mound”
builders
• 3. Central: Plains Indians
• 4. Southwest: “Cliff Dwellers” pueblos or
adobe huts/villages
• 5. West Coast
MesoAmerican Civilizations
Mesoamerican Civilization
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More advanced and civilized than North American
Built large cities
Traded with their neighbors
Created art and literature
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Olmecs
Maya
Aztecs
Inca
Olmec: 1400 to 400 B.C.
• First Mesoamerican civilization
• Laid foundations for civilizations that
followed
• Inhabited Southern Mexico
• Known for sculpture and art
• “Colossal heads”
• Performed ritual bloodletting
Olmec Civilization
Olmec Statues: Colossal Heads
Ritualistic bloodletting
Mayan Civilization: 250 to 900
A.D.
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Many city states: not single empire
Southeastern Mexico
Stepped pyramids
Die out as a result of agricultural disaster
Writing system
Computed the length of a year to 365 ¼ days
Human sacrifice
Mayan Calendar will reset in December 21, 2012 to
13.0.0.0.0
Mayan Civilization
Mayan Ruins
Mayan Number System
Aztecs: 1325-1521
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Central/Southern Mexico
Practiced human sacrifice
Tenochtitlan: capital
Lake Texcoco
Chinampas: floating gardens
Aztecs
Tenochtitlan: capital of the
Aztecs
Human Sacrifice of the Aztecs
• Aztec Human Sacrifice
Chinampas: floating gardens of
the Aztecs
Aztec Warriors
• Every able bodied Aztec had to serve in
the army
• Conquered more than 5 million people
and collected tribute from them
• Prisoners of war were sacrificed to their
gods.
Inca: 1380-1570
• Western coast of South America (Peru)
• Farmers who raised maize, potatoes, and
cotton
• Incas ruled an empire
• Abolished human sacrifice an cannibalism
• Planned their cities and connected them
with well-constructed roads
Quipu: accounting and census
purposes
Inca Empire
Machu Pichu
Spanish Exploration
• Conquistadors
a. Searched for riches and gold. El Dorado.
b. Converted the Indians
c. Established Spanish authority
Used superior weaponry and horses to
subdue the Indians.
El Dorado
Spanish Conquistadors
Vasco Nunez de Balboa: 1474-1519: Discovered the Pacific
Ocean
Balboa releasing his dogs on
homosexual Indians
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez: conquistador:
explorer and soldier of fortune
Montezuma II
• Cortes sent by governor of Cuba to
explore mainland: not conquer. He chose
conquest on his own initiative
• Cortes enlisted suppressed local Indian
tribes to help him defeat the Aztecs
• With several hundred men, Cortes
marched on the capital of the Aztecs,
captured Montezuma and wiped out
Aztec resistance
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The Death of Montezuma II
Other Spanish Conquests
• Coronado: (1540)
explored
southwestern U.S.
including Texas and
Arizona
• Ponce de Leon:
(1513) Florida.
Searched for
Fountain of Youth.
• Hernando de Soto:
(1539) SE United
States. Discovered
the Mississippi River
• Spanish begin to
settle along the
coastline of eastern
United States
• St. Augustine: oldest
city in the United
States (1565)
Spanish Conquistadors
De Leon
Hernando de Soto
Bartolome de la Casas: 14741566
• Roman Catholic friar
• Wanted to assist the Indians from
mistreatment and abuse from the Spanish
• 1542: helped pass the “New Laws,” which
protected the Indians from being made
slaves.
Las Casas
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOMATO
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Vanilla
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MAIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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SUGAR CANE
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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Wheat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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Whooping Cough
French, Dutch, and English
Exploration
• French:
• Jacques Cartier: eastern Canada
New Foundland, and Labrador, and sailed
up to the St. Lawrence River and founded
Montreal
Believed there was a Northwest Passage to
Asia
Samuel de Champlain: founded Quebec in
1608 and discovered Lake Ontario, Huron
and Lake Champlain
Jacques Chartier
Samuel de Champlain
Other French explorers
• Jacques Marquette
• Louis Joliet
• Explored the Mississippi River
• Sieur de La Salle: traveled to the mouth
of the Mississippi River and discovered
the Gulf of Mexico.
• Claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley
for France. “Louisiana”
Marquette and Joliet
La Salle
Dutch Explorers
• Henry Hudson (English)
Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Henry Hudson
English Explorers
• John Cabot (Italian): explored the
northern coast of North America and
found rich fishing areas off the
Newfoundland coast.
• English first permanent settlement was at
Jamestown in 1607 under the leadership
of Captain John Smith
John Cabot
Europe and the East
• Portuguese
Pedro Cabral: established a trading post in
India
Alfonso de Albuquerque: viceroy of
Portuguese holdings in the East.
Set up trading posts and plantations along
the trade routes to support and protect
Portuguese traders
Cabral’s route
Portuguese Empire in Asia (1600’S)
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Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Banten, Java
• Began trading with Japan
• Macao (China)
Weaknesses of Portuguese
empire
• 1. Empire spread out too widely for
administration and defense
• 2. Many Sailors died at sea
• 3. Portuguese treated the Asians harshly
• 4. Asians wanted to trade with other
nations instead of Portuguese
Dutch in Asia
• Java and Sumatra
• Expelled Portuguese from Banten
• Captured the main spice islands and
founded the city of Batavia
• Traded with Japan and Formosa (Taiwan)
• By middle of 17th century, Dutch
controlled the trade with the East
• Established Capetown, South Africa in
1652.
Dutch Empire in Asia
Dutch Asian Empire 1650
Dutch Worldwide Empire 1700
English in Asia
• India
East responds to the West
• China and Japan did not like European
powers in their business
• Portugal paid tribute to the Chinese to be
in Macao ($30,000.00) per year.
• Japan welcomed Francis Xavier (Jesuit
missionary)
Commercial Revolution
• From land to money as the basis for
wealth.
• Mercantilism: dominant economic system.
Colonies should benefit the mother
country.
Zero sum gain (one country gains at
another country’s loss)
Goals of mother country
• 1. obtain precious metals (gold and
silver)
• 2. nations sought to acquire colonies
• 3. become self-sufficient and not rely on
other nations
• 4. maintain a favorable balance of trade
(export more than import)
Weaknesses of mercantilism
• 1. government regulated economic
activities
• 2. interests of government superseded
the interests and welfare of the people
Capitalism
• Used money to make money in order to
make a profit.
• Companies: group of investors who
pooled resources to share profits and
liabilities.
• Joint-stock company: investment in
return for stock certificates
• Capital: money
Capitalism cont
• Dividend: profit paid to investors
Successful joint stock companies
English East India Company
Dutch East India Company
Prospectus: details of a proposed business
venture
Underwriter: individual or company who
agrees to share in profits and losses of a
project.