Transcript Chapter 2 - Russell County Moodle

The Rise of the Atlantic
World, 1400-1625
Chapter 2
United States History 121
Mrs. Mary Stanley
West Africa: Tradition and Change
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Major role in long-distance trade
Market economy
• Empire of Mali leading power in west central
Africa
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Exported gold and slaves
Imported brass, copper, cloth, spices, manufactured
goods, and horses
Mutual obligation to kin
Alliances through marriage
Islam and animism were the main
religions
European Culture and Society
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Renaissance – Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman
culture - a time of artistic achievement but also of
political and economic tensions.
Order was shaky
• Peasants, who comprised about 75 percent of the
population, paid taxes, rents, and other dues to
landlords and to the Church
Manufacturing took place in household workshops,
and artisans and merchants formed guilds to control
employment, prices, and the sale of goods
“Little Ice Age”
• Move to towns and cities
 Rapid population growth
 Prices rose and wages fell
Looked for colonies
• Joint-stock company
Nuclear family common, male domination
Religious Upheavals
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Roman Catholic domination of western and central Europe
Islam conquers Christian strongholds in SE Europe (Ottomans)
Catholic “reconquest” of Iberian Peninsula (Spain and
Portugal)
• Removal of Muslim leaders and Jews that would not convert
Europe was largely Christian, dominated by the power of the
Catholic Church.
Charges of materialism and corruption led to the Protestant
Reformation
The Protestant Reformation quickly spawned differing groups
of Protestants, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation
Protestantism emphasized the ability to read God’s word, it
encouraged basic education as well as religious indoctrination.
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther (1517)
• John Calvin-predestination
Catholic or Counter-Reformation
The Reformation in England
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King Henry VIII wants annulment of his marriage
because no male children have been born.
Pope refuses
Henry breaks from Catholic Church
Forms Church of England (Anglican)
King Henry VIII becomes the head of the Church of
England
Edward VI, “Bloody Mary,” and Elizabeth I all
continue to practice the Anglican faith
Although there is more flexibility under Elizabeth I
“Puritans” wanted pure form of Christianity, without
“popish abuses”
MAP 2.2 MAJOR
RELIGIONS IN EUROPE,
CA. 1560 By 1560,
some European lands
were solidly Catholic,
Lutheran, or Calvinist.
Others remained bitterly
divided for another
century or more.
Europe and the Atlantic World, 1400–1600
Portugal and the Atlantic/State Exploration
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Seeking commercial opportunities,
Portugal had by 1488 opened trade in gold
and slaves along the African coast and
reached the Cape of Good Hope
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Made Portugal major sponsor
• Near Atlantic and coast of Africa
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Vasco da Gama
• Rounded Cape of Good Hope
• Trade route to India
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Portuguese colonies
The “New Slavery” and Racism
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Long trade with Muslims from Middle East and
North Africa
Portuguese enter slave trade on Gold Coast
Debtors or captured people
• African leaders enriched
• “New slavery”
 Magnitude (12 million by end of 19th
century)
 Based on race
Europeans captured people during conflicts with North African
Muslims.
European traders conducted slave raids and kidnappings.
The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the 1600s the English,
French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.
To the Americas and Beyond,
1492-1522
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Spanish
• Late to start exploration
• Willing to take risk proposed by Columbus
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American continent an obstacle
Vasco de Balboa
• Isthmus of Panama
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Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigation of the world
Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa,
Italy, in 1451.
His father was a merchant. His mother was
the daughter of a wool weaver.
After spending some time as a mapmaker and
a trader, he traveled to Portugal for navigator
training.
He honed his navigational skills on journeys
to Iceland, Ireland, and West Africa.
He was highly religious and believed that God
had given him a heroic mission: to seek a
westward sea route to the “Indies,” meaning
China, India, and other Asian lands.
A Daring Expedition
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In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
granted Columbus the title of noble and agreed to sponsor
his journey. Spanish nobles and clergy wanted his mission
to succeed for several reasons:
• The people of any new non-Christian lands would be
ripe for conversion to Catholicism.
• Wealthy merchants and royalty wanted a direct trade
route that bypassed the existing Muslim-controlled
routes.
• An easier western route to Asia would give Spanish
traders an advantage over Portuguese traders.
In 1492, Columbus set off with three ships, the Niña,
Pinta, and Santa María. He had underestimated the
distance of his journey. Two months after setting sail, he
and his crew landed in the Bahamas, instead of Asia.
A Daring Expedition
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The Native Americans welcomed Columbus.
Columbus traveled to other islands.
Columbus returned to Spain and was awarded the
governorship of the present-day island of
Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Hatie) in the
Caribbean.
Columbus made four more trips to the Americas.
Spanish settlers complained about his governing of
Hispaniola, Columbus lost his position.
He died in 1506, never accepting that he had
discovered a new continent.
Treaty of Tordesillas
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With Columbus voyages both Spain and Portugal
sent exploration voyages to the newly discovered
land
The Catholic Church
stepped in and divided
all undiscovered land
1494
Separated Portuguese
And Spanish areas
English Explorers
John Cabot
• Cabot, an Italian, was the first known explorer
sailing for the English to cross the Atlantic.
• In 1497 King Henry VII of England sent John
Cabot, an Italian navigator, on an exploration
voyage.
• Cabot landed in Newfoundland and claimed
it for England. He thought he was in Asia.
• Sebastian Cabot, John’s son, launched a
voyage looking for a Northwest Passage to the
Pacific Ocean, creating a shorter sea route to
Asia
Sir Martin
Frobisher
Frobisher sailed three voyages across
the Atlantic in the late 1500s, in search
of a trade route to Asia that went past
or through the continent of North
America — the Northwest Passage.
English Explorers
John Davis
Davis also made three voyages in
search of the Northwest Passage.
Henry
Hudson
Thinking he found the Northwest Passage,
Hudson sailed 150 miles up a river in New
York (now the Hudson River) before he
realized it was not the route he had hoped
for.
Sir Francis
Drake
Drake was the first English captain to
sail around the world. Drake was an
English privateer who, under the
direction of Queen Elizabeth I, raided
Spanish treasure ships and cities in
the Americas.
The Conquistadores –
They are soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the
Americas under the control of Spain and Portugal in the 15th to 16th
centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by
Christopher Columbus in 1492.
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Hernando Cortes
• Conquered Aztecs
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Francisco Pizarro
• Conquered Incan Empire
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Hernando de Soto
• Expeditions through Florida
• Mississippi River
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Francisco Coronado
• Search for Gold
• New Mexico
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Brutality and Greed
Create Spanish empire in the New World
CONQUISTADORS
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Conquistadores = "conquerors“
• Hernando Cortes:
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conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan
Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched
over mountains to the Aztec capital
 Used the Native Americans hatred for the Aztecs against
them
 Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl
who was due to re-appear the very year
 Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan
 The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the
noche triste, sad night (June 30, 1520)
 Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox
that eventually beat the Indians
 The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the
Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city
Enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S.,
dies and is "buried“ in Mississippi River – 1540 - 1542
CONQUISTADORS
• Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire of Peru
and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain
– 1532
• Francisco Coronado: ventured into current
Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city
of gold, found the Pueblo Indians - 1542
TRANSATLANTIC EXPLORATIONS, 1000–1542 Following Columbus’s
1492 voyage, Spain’s rivals began laying claim to parts of the New
World based on the voyages of Cabot for England, Cabral for Portugal,
and Verrazano for France.
The Columbian Exchange
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With Exploration an exchange between the new
world and the old world emerged
Europe..
• Disease-mostly
• Horses, cattle, sheep, swine, chickens, wheat,
coffee, weeds, insects, rodents
From the new world…
• Corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins,
peanuts, cacao, avocados, pineapples, chilies,
tobacco, turkeys
Huge Environmental impact because of different
views of the land
Mixing of peoples (mestizos, métis)
Wealth to Spain-squandered
Columbian Exchange
Footholds in North America, 1512-1625
Spanish America
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Ordinances of Discovery-banned brutal military
conquests
Gold and silver-10 x rest of world
• Spain wealthiest nation in the world
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Agriculture
• Build economy in New World
• Exchange of crops proved more important than gold and
silver
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Religious motivation-spreading Catholicism
• Missions and presidios
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Northern Outposts
• St. Augustine-first permanent European settlement in
present-day US
• Santa Fe
France: Colonizing Canada
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Most formidable rival to English in 16th
century
New France at Quebec (1608)
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Samuel de Champlain
First permanent settlement
Slow growth
Catholics did not want to leave France
Protestants excluded
Conflict with natives (Mohawks)
Fur trade-alliance with Hurons
• Opened up French presence
• Agricultural
• Military presence
England and the Atlantic World,
1558-1603
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Conflict with Spain
• Aided Dutch Calvinists and privateers
Conflict in Ireland
• Settlement in Ulster-“plantations”
• Separate from natives
Goals for England
• Find northwest passage
• Raid Spanish fleets
English colony on Roanoke Island
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• Failed-CROATOAN
• Lost colony
An English Interest in Colonization
There were several reasons why England decided it
should establish a colony in the Americas:
• (1) Privateers wanted a base in the Americas
from which they could attack Spanish ships and
cities.
 They wanted to have supply stations set up in
North America for trading ships when the
Northwest Passage was finally found.
• (2) English merchants wanted new markets.
• (3) The Americas would be a good place to send
those who could not find housing or work in
England.
Failure and Success in Virginia,
1603-1625
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Competing Virginia Companies receive
charters
Jamestown (1607)
• Starving time
• Breakdown of discipline
• Help from Powhatan
• Pocahontas
• John Smith takes over
• Military rule and discipline
Tobacco becomes VA’s salvation
The Jamestown Colony
The company, the Virginia Company, sent 100 colonists
to Virginia in 1607.
 They named their new village Jamestown, in honor of
King James I.
 The colony nearly failed, due to conflict with Native
Americans
• unrealistic expectations of settlers not used to doing
hard work
• poor location— near a swamp with diseasecarrying mosquitoes
• starvation
• poor leadership
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Growing tobacco finally made Jamestown
profitable.
 John Rolfe was the first settler
to grow tobacco.
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Jamestown-early years
Indentured Servants
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Labor shortage
“head right” system
Typically 4-7 years
Governing the Colony
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The Virginia Company formed America’s first legislature, the House of
Burgesses.
Members were white male landowners.
This group had the power to raise taxes and make laws. In 1609, the
Virginia Company received a new charter that allowed them to
appoint a governor who would live in the colony.
When the Virginia Company was unable to turn a steady profit, King
James took away its charter. In 1624, Virginia become a royal
colony, with a governor appointed by the king.
In 1619, Virginia gained a legislative, or lawmaking assembly, made
up of representatives from the colony. This assembly was called the
House of Burgesses. This legislature was the first example of limited
self-government in the English colonies.
New England Begins, 1614-1625
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Separatists leave England-1608
• To Holland
 Tried to maintain English culture
 Worried about assimilation
Permission to settle in Virginia
• Spread “the gospel of the Kingdom
of Christ in those remote parts of the
world”
• Left Plymouth,
• England in September 1620
• 35 “saints” and 67 “strangers” aboard Mayflower
Plymouth on Cape Cod
Outside London Company territory
Mayflower Compact
The New England Colonies
Plymouth Plantation
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Cleared area, former Indian village
• Native population weakened by disease before
Pilgrims arrived
• Half of colonists dies in first winter
Pilgrims less hostile than in Virginia
• Assistance from natives-Squanto
Tried living communally
• Failed, switched to private ownership
• Bought out backers, never wealthy
Plymouth Colony
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In England, in 1534, King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to
found a Protestant church.
The English who complained that this new church continued too many
Catholic practices were called Puritans, because they wanted a “purer”
kind of church.
Some Puritans started separate churches of their own and were called
Separatists.
Both Puritans and Separatists were persecuted (attacked) because of their
beliefs.
One group of Separatists, those who came to be called the Pilgrims, sailed
to New England on the Mayflower.
Led by William Bradford, 35 Separatists joined 66 others on the
Mayflower in 1620.
They sought the freedom to worship as they wanted.
The Pilgrims made an agreement, the Mayflower Compact, that they
would obey all of their government’s laws.
This belief in self-government would later become one of the founding
principles of the United States.
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Founded Plymouth Colony south of present-day Boston
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Colony never grew very large
New England Begins, 1614-1625
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Natives devastated by disease from
traders and fishermen
Separatist Puritans sail on Mayflower
• Plymouth colony established (1620)
• Outside boundaries
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Squanto and Samoset assist
Tried living communally
Failed, switched to private ownership
Bought out backers, never wealthy
English Settlements
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Plantations
• Developed in Ireland
• Large farms
• Separate from natives
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Virginia
• Roanoke Island (1587)
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Sir Walter Raleigh
• Jamestown (1607)
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First lasting settlement
A “New Netherland” in North America
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Henry Hudson-1609
• Sailed up Hudson River
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Dutch West India Company
• Trade
• Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers
• Encouraged settlement
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Families
New Netherland-colony
New Amsterdam-settlement on Manhattan
Island
Alliance with Iroquois