Transcript Beringia land bridge, Anasazi, Pueblo, Songhai

Chapter 1:
Exploration and the
Colonial Era
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Journal
• Write a brief dialogue that might have taken place among the
Native Americans observing the European ship.
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Ancient Cultures in the
Americas
• 20,000 B.C. a land bridge exists between Asia and Alaska
across Bering Straight
• 8,000 B.C. temperatures warm -> agriculture develops ->
people plant crops in Mexico
• Ancient American societies
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Olmec in southern Mexico (1200 B.C.-400 B.C.)
Maya in Guatemala (A.D. 250 – 900 A.D.)
Aztecs in Mexico (1200 – 1500s)
Inca dominate west coast of S. America (1200 – 1500s)
• Built cities and ceremonial centers, empires,
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Native American Societies of the
1400s
• Hohokam and the
Anasazi introduce crops
(corn, beans, squash)
into American S. West
• northern Cali = Nootka
hunt ocean for whales
• New Mexico + Arizona =
Pueblo tribes grow corn
+ beans -> live in multistory adobe houses
• NY = Iroquois hunt deer
and bears
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Common Characteristics
• Land was not to be
sold
• Extensive trade routes
• Cultures suited for
their environment
• Natural world is filled
with spirits
• Basic unit of
organization = family
• Birth, marriage, death
guided by tradition
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West African Societies of the
1400s
• 600 – 1600 dominant
empires = Ghana, Mali,
Songhai
• Control of trans-Sahara
trade
• Kingdoms of Benin and
Kongo
• Strong govts., powerful
rulers, collective
ownership of land
• Importance of family,
tradition and belief in
one creator
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West African Societies of the
1400s
• Timbuktu, center of
trading network that
connects W. Africa to
ports in N. Africa
• Islam brought by
traders from N.
African traders
• Portuguese set up
trading posts in W.
Africa
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Assignment: Ch. 1 Sec. 1
People
Achievements
Ancient Americans
Native Americans
West Africans
Define and explain the significance of the following:
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Beringia land bridge, Anasazi, Pueblo, Songhai
Journal
• You are the ruler of Portugal in the 1400s. Your gold mines are
running low and you are concerned about the growing power
of your European rivals. You need the resources available in
India. What are you going to do?
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European Societies of the
1400s
• 1. Monarchs and
aristocrats (land
owners)
• 2. Clergy (members of
the church)
• 3. Agricultural laborers
(peasants)
• Merchants and
artisans could achieve
some mobility
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European Societies of the
1400s
• Western Europe = Christianity
• Pope + bishops of Catholic church = political power
• 1096 – Crusades – Christian armies try to force Muslims out of
Jerusalem
• Asian trade routes are opened
• Many nobles die or lose money -> monarchs become more
powerful
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European Societies of the
1400s
• 1500s – people want
change
• Reformation – church
practices + the pope
are criticized
• Protestants support
the Reformation ->
seek religious freedom
• Catholics do not
• Competition between
Spain, Portugal,
France, and England
for exploration
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European Societies of the
1400s
• The Renaissance = the
great revival of art,
literature, and learning
in Europe
• Encouraged people to
think for themselves
• Explorers are
encouraged to seek
adventure and
conquest
• Gutenberg’s printing
press helps spread
ideas
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European Societies of the
1400s
• Map making improves
• Compass and astrolabe
are improved
• Europeans need a
water route to Asia
• Monarchs need money
to finance large armies
• Portuguese explorers
reach India -> sail
around bottom of
Africa
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Assignment #2 Section 1
• 1. How did the following factors contribute to overseas
expansion?
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Hierarchical society
Catholic church
Reformation
Renaissance
Sailing technology
• 2. Why do you think other European nations lagged behind
Portugal in overseas expansion?
• 3. What effects did Portuguese trade have on West Africa?
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Section 2: Spanish North
America
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Journal
• How would it feel to venture into the unknown, where there
are no accounts from someone who has gone before, no
maps, and no assurance of ever coming back?
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Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
• 1492 – Columbus sails west to
find a route to Asia
• He reaches Hispaniola and
Cuba
• Thinks he lands on islands off
Asia (Indies)
• Returns a year later +
colonizes islands for Spain
• Natives, Taino, are forced
onto plantations
• European diseases and
weapons destroy native pop.
• West African slaves replace
them (10 million)
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Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
• 1,000s of Europeans
want a new life in the
Americas
• 1494 – Spain +
Portugal sign Treaty
of Tordesillas ->
Western Hemisphere
is divided
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Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
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The Spanish Claim a New
Empire
• Conquistadors,
explorers from Spain,
conquer most of
Americas
• Hernando Cortes
takes over Aztecs and
their leader
Montezuma with 508
men
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Journal
• 1. What movements/events contributed to Europeans feeling
more confident about exploring?
• 2. Why are West African slaves brought into the Americas?
• 3. Which two countries divided the Western Hemisphere?
• 4. Name two things that went through the Columbian
exchange?
• 5. Who conquered the Aztecs?
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The Spanish Pattern of
Conquest
• Mestizo – mixed
Spanish and Native
American pop.
• Encomienda –
natives farm + mine
for Spanish landlords
• Spanish priests
complain
• Ends in 1542
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The Spanish Pattern of
Conquest
• New Spain
• Pizarro conquers Inca Empire
• Mexico, Guatemala, parts of Central America + Caribbean, and
the U.S.
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Spain Explores the Southwest
and West
• Coronado leaves -> no gold
• Why would the Spanish return?
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Spain Explores the Southwest
and West
• Gov. of New Mexico helps build 1,800-mile trail (El Camino
Real) from Sante Fe to Mexico City
• Catholic missions are established in 1682 in El Paso, Texas
• 1542 – Cabrillo discovers San Diego harbor
• By 1823 – 21 missions in Cali. are built and protected by forts
(presidios)
• Spread Catholicism and protect Spain’s holdings from other
European nations
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Resistance to the Spanish
• Native Americans had to convert to Christianity,
live in the missions, away from their families,
work on the farms or in mines, wear European
clothes, and pay a tribute
• 1680 - Pueblo religious leader, Pope, organizes
17,000 Native Americans and drives the Spanish
out of New Mexico for 12 years
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• “The best are good for nothing, and I will not go where there is chance of
meeting one of them.”
• -Hatuey, Native American who resisted the Spanish
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Results
• European influence spread into present-day Cali., Texas,
N. Mexico
• Some Native Americans convert to Catholicism
• Some resisted
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Section 3 – Early British
Colonies
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The English Settle at
Jamestown
• John Smith establishes first permanent English colony in North
America in Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
• Indentured servants – passage to America if they work for 4-7
years
• Enslaved Africans received land and freedom
• More space for tobacco fields leads to fights with the N.
Americans
• Free indentured white servants rebel against local govt.
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Puritans Create a “New
England”
• Pilgrims (Puritans who want to separate from Catholic Church)
establish 2nd permanent English colony in Plymouth, Mass.
(1620)
• Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony and are led by
John Winthrop
• Roger Williams establishes a colony in Providence, Rhode
Island with religious freedom
• War between N. Americans and colonists (King Philip’s War)
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Settlement of the Middle
Colonies
• New Amsterdam (1625) taken over by English in 1644 and
renamed New York
• William Penn, Quaker, establishes Pennsylvania in 1682 with a
representative govt. and freedom of religion
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England and Its Colonies
Prosper
• 13 colonies created
from 1600s – 1700s
• Colonies exported
lumber + furs to
England and bought
manufactured goods
from England
• Mercantilism – a
nation can become
powerful if it sells
more goods than it
buys
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