Transcript File

Warm Up #1
1. What drives humans to
continue to explore new
areas?
2. What are some dangers of
exploration?
3. What are some benefits of
exploration?
European Exploration
Objectives: Explain the reasons or motivations that drove Europeans to explore the world
- Curiosity of the Renaissance +
- Desire for Religious expansion from Reformation +
- New Technology and Discoveries from the
Scientific Revolution
Significance?
• How did our knowledge of the world change
during the Age of Exploration?
– 1450  1507  1569 1599
Why is this change so significant?
The Fra Mauro map,
published c. 1450 by the
Venetian monk Fra
Mauro
The Waldseemüller map
originally published in April 1507
It is known as the first map to use the
name "America”
This map is worth $10
million… it is the most
expensive map in the world
the name was bestowed in honor of the Italian Amerigo Vespucci – the man who
figured out that it was a new continent and not part of Asia
The 1569 Mercator map of the world – the map used for practical navigation
Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata
("New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation").
Wright-Molyneux world map 1599
Maps as Art
Europeans want to explore
the world for many reasons…
1. Religion (GOD)
– Some wanted to escape religious conflicts of the
Reformation
– Many want to spread their branch of Christianity
as part of the competition of the Reformation
Europeans want to explore
the world for many reasons…
2. Growing Population strained Europe
– Not enough land for all of the sons (especially younger
sons), so they had to find new land to ensure they had
an occupation
– Food shortages, supply shortages = need for new
people to trade with
(LAND = MONEY)
3. Humanism (GLORY)
– People were looking for personal (individual) glory
– Liberal arts education brought scholars from Middle
East and Europe together
• Shared knowledge of worldly pleasures – spices, silks, etc.
• Shared knowledge of sailing and navigating
– Secularism drove people to want riches & worldly
goods
• Gold, spices, silks, etc.
4. To find Alternative Trade routes (MONEY)
– Italians and Muslims dominated the existing trade routes
• Italians controlled the roads in Europe & the Mediterranean
• Muslims controlled the overland routes from Asia (Silk Road)
• Italians & Muslims were able to make all the profits from the
trade
– Explorers sought a way to get around the Middle East &
Mediterranean
• Sailed around Africa
• Sailing north around Russia
• Sailing west across the Atlantic
New Technology
Tools that make exploration possible
• Sextant, Astrolabe and, Caravel
with Lateen Sail (like the Nina)
Sextant
A Sextant is used to measure the angle
between any two visible objects for the
purposes of celestial navigation. (Can
determine latitude)
• The sextant measures the
angle between two objects
by using two mirrors.
• Mirror A is only slightly
reflective, so the person can
see through it to the
horizon.
• Mirror B it attached to the
moveable arm.
• As the arm is swung, the sun
reflects off of Mirror B, onto
Mirror A, and then into the
eye piece.
• The viewer moves the arm
until the reflection of the
sun directly overlaps the
horizon (as seen through
mirror A).
Astrolabe
astrolabe could be used to determining
latitude and locating and predicting the
positions of the Sun, Moon, planets,
and stars.
• The astrolabe measures
the angle between the
horizon and a star (or
another object).
• It has a line in the center
that the viewer makes
parallel to the horizon.
• Then, the moveable arm
of the astrolabe is swung
to line up with a star in
the sky.
• Once it is correctly
aligned, the arm will point
to a degree measurement
on the outside ring of the
astrolabe, which is the
viewer’s latitude.
Caravel ship = small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship
Lateen Sail = it allows a boat to tack
"against the wind"
Caravel with Lateen Sail
• This is a small caravel with
lateen sails, much like
Columbus’s Nina.
• The lateen sail made ships
move much more rapidly and
allowed them to turn in any
direction.
– However, not many sailors were
familiar with these types of
sails.
• Columbus’s men actually
changed back to the slower
square sails before they left for
their voyage across the Atlantic.
Discussion Questions
Review
• From your Map: list
the European
countries that
became involved in
the age of
exploration.
– (what do these
countries have in
common –
geographically?)
Essential Question:
What two individuals inspired the Age of
Exploration?
Activity:
1. Use the Map on page 485 in
your textbook to Map the
European Land Claims
Key
• England
• France
• Spain
• Portugal
• Netherlands
Questions to answer:
1. What geographic factor do all the European land
claims share in common? (Where are they all
located on the map?)
2. What explanation(s) exists for the similarity in the
locations of the European land claims?
3. Why do you think the land claims end where they
do? What/ who might have stopped Europeans in
their exploration beyond these points?
Activity:
1. Use the Map on page 485 in
your textbook to Map the
European Land Claims
Key
• England
• France
• Spain
• Portugal
• Netherlands
Questions to answer:
1. What geographic factor do all the European land
claims share in common? (Where are they all
located on the map?)
2. What explanation(s) exists for the similarity in the
locations of the European land claims?
3. Why do you think the land claims end where they
do? What/ who might have stopped Europeans in
their exploration beyond these points?
Map Review
Discussion Q’s
• Why do you think explorers
from different countries
followed similar routes?
Warm up
• What were the four
reasons that Europeans
began to Explore the
world?
– Which do you think is the
most important?
Exploration required actions of
individuals to get started
• Marco Polo during the late Middle Ages (late 1200s to mid
1300s) - Italy
– Travelled over land from Italy to India & China, by boat to
Indonesia & Persia
– When he returned he brought back goods & he wrote down his
findings
• 1000s of copies were made, one of first books printed by printing press
• Many people were inspired by Polo: Columbus, Henry the Navigator
• Henry the Navigator (early 1400s) - Portugal
– Interested in exploring, reaching Asia by sea; funded explorations
of Africa
– Built a university at Sagres, Portugal
• Brought together Muslim, Jewish, and Christian scholars
• Introduced new charts, astrolabe, sextant, lateen sail, caravel to Europe
• Columbus (late 1400s, early
1500s) - Spain
– Made the voyage across the
Atlantic
• Ran in to the Caribbean, explored
Middle and South America, too
• Established the Columbian Exchange
between “New & Old Worlds”
• Vasco da Gama (late 1400s, early
1500s) - Portugal
– Made the voyage to India by
sailing around Africa
• It was cheaper than land travel and
there were no bandits
• But piracy developed, and seasonal
storms made this journey costly
• Ferdinand Magellan (early to mid
1500s) - Portugal
– His crew was the first to circumnavigate
the world
• Proved, once and for all, that the earth is
round
• Found many lands & peoples that Europeans
had never heard of
• Magellan died 2/3 of the way through in a
battle to convert indigenous Filipinos to
Catholicism
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa (early 1500s) –
Spain
– Trying to find a route from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific
• Walks through Panama and reaches the
Pacific ocean
The Northwest Passage
• Jacques Cartier (1534) – France
– Searching for a “Northwest
Passage) (from Atlantic to the
Pacific)
– Explorers coastline and interior of
present day Canada
• John Cabot (1497) – English
– Searching for a “Northwest
Passage”
– North America (off of
Newfoundland) finds rich fishing
grounds
• Henry Hudson (1607-11) – Dutch
– Searching for a “Northwest
Passage”
– Explores region around present
day New York City
Christopher Columbus
1st voyage to the New World
Analyzing Primary Sources:
•
Introduction: “Whereas, Most Christian, High,
Excellent, and Powerful Princes, King and Queen of
Spain and of the Islands of the Sea, our Sovereigns,
this present year 1492,.... Your Highnesses, as
Catholic Christians, and princes who love and
promote the holy Christian faith, and are enemies of
the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all idolatry and
heresy, determined to send me, Christopher
Columbus, to the… countries of India, to see the
said princes, people, and territories, and to learn
their disposition and the proper method of
converting them to our holy faith; and furthermore
directed that I should not proceed by land to the
East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in
which direction we have hitherto no certain
evidence that any one has gone.
What was Columbus particularly
interested in concerning his
voyage?
What was his goal?
Columbian Exchange
vast global exchange of goods, animals and diseases from the
old world to the new world. (started by Columbus…)
Feast of Columbus…
Question –
What would happen if an Alien civilization
made contact with our civilization?
Warm Up Questions
1. What allowed Europeans
to claim territories in the
Americas?
– For example why did the
Spanish claim central
America?
2. How did the Columbian
Exchange affect Europe?
How did it affect the
Americas?
What were the Effects of Exploration?
Effects of Exploration
1. Competition
• Early on example (late 1400s)
– Spain versus Portugal
– The Pope settled the land dispute with the Line of
Demarcation
• Set a line between Columbus’s exploration & Portugal’s
Africa
• Everything west of the line was Spain’s
• Everything east of the line was Portugal’s
– Issue of land claims finally settled in the
• Treaty of Tordesillas & Treaty of Saragossa
How to stop a war between Catholic
Countries…
Portuguese land holdings
Spanish Land Holdings
2. European footholds
• Exploration for trade routes
leads to trade outposts
– Ex: Portuguese build small
forts along West Africa coast
for supplies and trading with
natives
• Trade forts lead to more
permanent settlements
– Ex: 1652 Dutch build Cape
Town to supply ships +
encourage immigration to
Town.
3. New Power Structure
• Exploration, trade and colonization
gives European countries power and
riches they had never had before.
– (Rise of first ‘World Powers’)
• Rise of Merchant / Business powers
– Ex: Dutch East India Company has full
sovereign (political body not controlled by outside forces)
powers over lands they visited.
• Prompts a response from Asian
powers…
– China, Korea and Japan all try to limit
European trading within their borders
with mixed success
4. Slave Trade
• Slavery/ slave trade already exists (since
ancient times)
• Develops into a very profitable business as
plantations (large land holdings) in the
Americas grow.
– Why slavery?
• Labor shortages in New World
– (few Europeans and Native Americas)
• Very large plantations in America
• Preexisting prejudices
Country Exploration & Impacts…
Powerful Countries during the
Age of Exploration
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands
• Britain
Portugal
• Builds a rim of trading outposts and
controls spice trade between Europe and
Asia
• Brazil is largest (& only) colony in the
Americas
Netherlands
• Establishes Cape Town and
Gains a secure foothold in
Africa
• Small colonies in Americas
– (New York, small areas)
• Allowed private companies
to fund exploration
Spain
• Takes over the Philippines and
take over large portions of
South, Central and North
America
• Overpowered/ conquered large
empires (Aztecs, Incas) to claim
land
LOTS of Gold & power from
these colonies - Ex: on Sept 13,
1583 the Spanish fleet left
“Spanish India” (Havana, Cuba)
with boats that carried $15
million in Spanish money. They
left another million in Havana
b/c the load was too heavy for
the ships. Imagine so much gold
it threatened to sink ships!
Britain
• Delayed start in Exploration race =
only small land in East coast of North
America.
• BUT will catch up fast & become a
huge international power
• Also allows Corporations to explore
– British East India Company uses an
army of sepoys (Indian troops) to take
over most of India by the late 1700s
• “The Sun never sets on the British
Empire”
France?
• Claimed land stretching
from current Louisiana
and reaching high into
Canada
• Established fur trade
• Limited immigration
(low on population)
Jot Thoughts - Round Robin Review
Step 1
• Say and then write the name of 2 explorer on your paper
• You can not repeat the name of an explorer that your partner has already
said
Step 2
• Pick up 2 of explorers that you did not write
• Write who they said for on the paper & then pass your
paper clockwise
Step 3
• Write where those explorers sailed & then pass paper clockwise
Step 4
• Write the significance of the explorers & then pass paper clockwise
• (what impact did they have on the world?)
Step 5
• Write a motivation of the explorers & one way exploration
impacted European countries
Your Shoulder
partner can help
you if you get stuck
15-1: Spain Establishes an Empire
COLUMBUS
CORTES
PIZARRO
Columbus arrived in
the West Indies and
made peaceful
contact with natives
Cortes landed on
Mexican coast in
1519 and started
toward Tenochtitlan
Spanish were
offended by Taino
culture and views
toward Christianity
Formed alliances with
Pizarro demanded
Aztec enemies
ransom but killed the
Welcomed by
emperor anyway
Moctezuma to the
Conquered the
capital
remaining Incan
Relations deteriorated empire and
and Cortes took
established city of
Moctezuma prisoner Lima
Columbus claimed
land for Spain and
forced the Taino into
hard labor
Aztecs defeated by
Spanish in 1521
Arrived in Peru in 1532
Captured Atahualpa
and killed thousands
of Inca
Killed by rival
Spaniards for control
Indigenous Groups Encountered by Europeans
The Americas
• Aztecs (central America)
– Conquers neighboring
groups starting in the early
1400s
– Builds Tenochtitlan, capital
city of empire
» (10th largest city in the
world at the time)
– Slave owning, religiously
unified, warrior state
Tenochtitlan
Chinampa
Rectangle-shaped areas of fertile
arable land to grow crops on the
shallow lake beds in the Valley of
Mexico.
Spain vs. Aztecs
The Americas
• Incas (southern America –Peru)
– Begins expanding in 1440s but in
disarray by early 1500s due to civil
war
– Very good communication system
(unsurpassed in the world until US
postal service)
Machu Picchu
The Americas
• Mayans (central America - Yucatan
peninsula, Mexico)
– Creates the only known written
language in the Americas, and
exhibit an understanding of
mathematical and astronomical
systems.
» In severe decline before first
contact with Europeans but
remnants remain to resist
European advancements
The Americas
• North American Groups
– Smaller groups/ tribes but in some places alliance
systems create powerful Native groups that
demand tribute from less powerful groups.
– Examples: Iroquois were a group of 5 nations, that
was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida,
Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations.
Warm up - The Aztec Empire
1. What were your first impressions of the Aztec
culture and the Aztec Empire?
(what were you impressed with, what were
surprised by, etc.)
2. How do you think the Spanish viewed the
Aztecs? What could you use as Evidence for
your statement?
15-2: Spanish Colonies in the Americas
Governing
the Empire
Catholic
Church
Trade
Labor
Viceroys ruled with Converted Native
direct authority
Americans to
from the monarch Christianity
Silver and gold
shipped from the
Americas to Spain
Lesser officials and
advisory councils
also helped run the
empire
Laws passed
forbidding
colonists from
trading with other
Spanish colonies
and European
countries
Native Americans
forced to work
under brutal
conditions on
plantations and in
mines as part of the
encomienda system
Built missions and
worked to make
natives loyal
subjects of Spain
and Portugal
Spain imposed
European culture
on natives often
giving them
Spanish names
Smugglers and
pirates/ privateers
Laws passed to
protect natives but
Spain could not
enforce them
African slaves
brought to the
Americas
15-2: Empires in the Americas
Spanish
Empire
Claimed most of South
and Central America as a
result of the success of
the conquistadors
Spain became the
wealthiest nation in
Europe from the tons of
gold and silver shipped
from the Americas
Both
Empires
Natives wiped out by
European diseases
Blended culture of
Americas, Africa, and
Europe (especially
Catholicism)
Plantations were
widespread and slave
labor increased
Portuguese Empire
Claimed Brazil as a result
of the Cabral’s voyages
and the Treaty of
Tordesillas
Exported raw materials
like the valuable brazil
wood
Africa
– Mostly small African States / city states
with northern Africa dominated by
Muslim nations
– Slave trade causes new states to rise in
power and destroys others
• Asante (un SAHN teh) Kingdom and Oyo
empire become wealthy through slave
trade (1600s – 1700s)
– Coastal cities dominate trade between
Europeans and Africans from the
interior
Asia
– India and the Middle East –
small states in the south,
Mughal Empire dominating
most of India (1600s –
1700s)
– China – Ming Empire
defeated by the Manchus
and establish Qing Dynasty
(1644 – 1800s)
– Korea and Japan (strong
centralized government)
islands isolate themselves
from Europeans
Japanese Himeji Castle:
an example of 17th century Japanese architecture
Identify Locations of Indigenous Groups
Asante
Identify Locations of Indigenous Groups
Warm Up
1. What were some of the effects of European
Exploration on Europeans? (review your notes)
2. What is a colony?
3. What European colonies are you familiar with?
15-2: Empires in the Americas
Spanish
Empire
Claimed most of South
and Central America as a
result of the success of
the conquistadors
Spain became the
wealthiest nation in
Europe from the tons of
gold and silver shipped
from the Americas
Both
Empires
Natives wiped out by
European diseases
Blended culture of
Americas, Africa, and
Europe (especially
Catholicism)
Plantations were
widespread and slave
labor increased
Portuguese Empire
Claimed Brazil as a result
of the Cabral’s voyages
and the Treaty of
Tordesillas
Exported raw materials
like the valuable brazil
wood
New World Social Classes
IN ORDER OF “HIGHEST” SOCIAL CLASS FIRST:
• Peninsulares: people born in Spain.
• Creoles: American-born descendants of Spanish
settlers.
• Mestizos: people of mixed Native American and
European descent.
• Mulattoes: people of African and European
descent.
• Native Americans and people of African descent.
Population Trends
Cultural Blending in Action
Native American Cultural Traits
• Worship of the Dead
(especially dead rulers)
– In the pre-Hispanic era, it was
common to keep skulls as
trophies and display them
during the rituals to
symbolize death and rebirth.
– Aztecs honored the “Lady of
the Dead”
European Cultural Traits
• Worship of dead saints in
Catholic traditions
– All Saints Day (November 1st)
– All Souls Day (November 2nd)
Dia de los Muertos – merges the
Native and Catholic traditions
Chart Perspectives
Spanish Account of
the Aztecs
Aztec Account of the
Spanish
French viewpoint on
slavery
Compare and Contrast
How do the Spanish
view the Aztec city?
African Viewpoint on
slavery
Compare and Contrast
What is the Aztec’s
initial view of the
Spanish?
How do the French
justify slavery?
How did Olaudah
Equino describe
Europeans?
- Religion:
How do the Spanish
view the Aztec
religion?
How does this
viewpoint change?
- Economic:
- Political:
How does Equino
describe the slave
trade?
Generalizations
How did Europeans view non-Europeans
(indigenous groups)?
How did indigenous groups view
Europeans/ European institutions (slavery)?
Two Viewpoints of the Treatment of Indians
Juan de Solorzano y Pereyra
Bartolome de las Casas
1. For Juan de Solorzano,
what ‘good’ outweighs the
harsh treatment of the
Indians? What other
justifications does he find
for their treatment?
2. According to Las Casas, what
has happened to the native
population of the Caribbean
islands?
3. How does Las Casas reveal his
bias against the Spanish
treatment of the native peoples?
What words or phrases does he
use to describe them?
Drawing Conclusions:
How to Examine Sources:
1.
Read the Source
2.
Analyze the Source
3.
Draw a conclusion
4.
Use your information to help
support your argument
Warm Up (a)
1. What are some of the ways that European
Exploration changed the world?
2. What do you think is the most important of these
changes?
15.3: Struggle for North America
• During the 1600s, the French, English, and the
Dutch would all found colonies in North
America.
France
Flags circa 1600.
England
The Netherlands
Long Term Effects of Exploration
1. Colonies: Permanent settlements – land under
the immediate control of another country
*Some Europeans referred to this as ‘planting’
(meaning planting people… rather than crops)
EX: North American Colonies
• New France –
– Small settlements 1st established by fur traders and missionaries.
Very slow growth (Canada is cold)
– Products – Furs, Fish
• New England –
– Plymouth (1620) and Massachusetts Bay Company (1629)
– Fast growing population, close communities based on religious
idealism (thought they were building a ‘shining city on a hill’)
– Mayflower Compact – earliest example of self-governance in the
Americas
– Products – Fish, Timber (shipbuilding), whaling
• Middle/ Southern Colonies – Jamestown, VA (1607)
– First colonies had a very hard surviving (the starving time) but
introduction of Tobacco makes them profitable
– Large plantations develop
– Mainly Agricultural Products - Tobacco, Indigo (a dye), Rice are all
cash crops
Colonies
Missionaries: main goal convert
others to their religion
Compact: an agreement among
people
Examples of modern
compacts?
Plantations: large farm that focus
on the production of cash crops
North America ~1700
North America ~1750
France and England Clash
Competition over land and
resources = Conflict
– The French & Indian War
– England vs. France in North America
• British Wins and gains
dominance over North
America
*but not for long
Long-Term Effect of Exploration
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Begins in full force in the 1500s (had been around forever)
• African rulers traded with Europeans for guns/technology for
the upper edge against their foes
– Eventually, Europeans demand slaves to support their
colonial structure.
– Warring groups and petty criminals pilfer villages for strong
individuals, depleting African communities at alarming
rates.
• (1700s) Between 6 and 7 million slaves shipped to the
Americas.
• At least 1/3 of all those taken prisoner did not complete the
journey alive.
Long Term Effects of Exploration
2. Economic Trade Routes develop
• Ex: Triangle Trade Route
– Transatlantic trade from 16th 18th century. Exchange of goods
• Effects:
1. Population movement
•
African kingdoms lose
population and increase in
American population
2. Wealth
•
Europeans gained great wealth
from the exchange of raw
materials, for finished products
for slaves
A Despicable Voyage
= The Middle Passage
What does this
geographic
representation
tell us about
the slave
trade?
Major ports for
the Majority of
Slave Trade
A Few Selected Events in the History of Slavery in the United States
• 1501 — Spanish settlers bring first African slaves to the New World
(Santo Domingo).
• 1562 — The British join the slave trade.
• 1581 — African slaves are brought to Florida by Spanish settlers in
St. Augustine.
• 1619 — African slaves are brought to Jamestown.
• 1638 — New England slave trade begins.
• 1662 — Virginia law establishes that children of black mothers are
slaves if their mothers are slaves, free if their mothers are free.
• 1712 — Slaves in New York City revolt; the revolt is put down by the
militia.
• 1739 — Slaves in South Carolina revolt. Again, the revolt is put
down by the militia.
• 1775 — First abolitionist society founded in Philadelphia.
• 1775-1783 — American Revolution.
• 1865 – 13th Amendment passed abolishes slavery
15-5: Global Economic Systems
CAUSES
Expansion of trade
increased money supply
and the push for more
overseas colonies
Growing demand for
goods from other parts of
the world as tastes
changed and population
increased
Fierce competition over
trade and for overseas
empires
ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
Capitalism required the
investment and risk of
large sums of money to
make profits from trade
Putting-out system
replaced the outdated
manufacturing guilds
Mercantilism was a
philosophy that stressed
the need for colonies in
order to have a positive
balance of trade
EFFECTS
European economies
changed into
international trade
systems
Putting-out system led to
the Industrial Revolution
National economies were
strengthened
Merchants and skilled
workers prospered
Middle class families
enjoyed more
comfortable lives
Long Term Effects of Exploration
Define Capitalism and Mercantilism
• Capitalism - economic system based on ownership of private businesses
– Investors funded new businesses in exchange for a share of the profits
• EX: The Dutch East India Company
Investors raised $ for
Spice exploration
($1000)
Captains sailed to Spice
Islands, bought spices
($1/lb), sold spices back to
Europe ($9/lb)
Investor get $ back
($1000) plus
dividends ($3000)
• Mercantilism – How Europe gets rich from their colonies (export
more than you import)
– Colonies existed for 2 main reasons
1. To produce raw materials for Europe
2. To buy finished goods made in Europe
*Keep it all in the family - only trade with the your colonies (English colonies only
trade with England on English ships)
• http://www.slideshare.net/glehr/age-ofeuropean-exploration-and-asian-isolationpresentation
Columbus’ Journal
• What conclusions can we
draw from Columbus’s
journal?
1. From Columbus’s
observations concerning the
natives what predictions can
you make about how the
Europeans will treat the
natives? Include 3 pieces of
supporting evidence….
Hypothesis: