Transcript PPT Day 1 - Kugler History Website

Chap 23 Day 1, Aim: How did Transoceanic
Encounters lead to Global Connections?
Do NOW: PAIR/SHARE 1) Why did Columbus include these
statements to Isabel and Ferdinand?
1. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said
island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those
who have taken out colonists' papers, and have built houses for
their abode, in the town in which they are, that they may live
united and in greater safety.
2. That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to
administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the
conversion of the Indians.
3. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a
license from the governor or alcalde of the town where he lives;
and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he
sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he
may have found…
Portuguese Exploration and the
Lure of Trade
• Originally for
fishing
• Land hunger
• Discovery of
Azores, Madeiras
Islands
• Acquisition of
land to plant
sugarcane –
Why?
• Maritime routes to Asia
– Spices, silk, porcelain
• Silk roads more dangerous
since spread of Bubonic
Plague
• Prices, profits increase
• Indian pepper, Chinese
ginger increasingly essential
to diet of European wealthy
classes
• African gold, ivory, slaves
The Technology of Exploration
• Chinese rudder introduced in
12th century
• Square sails replaced by
triangular lateen sails
– Work better with cross
winds
• Navigational instruments
• Knowledge of winds, currents
• The Volta do Mar
– Navig. Technique- learn
winds- circular
Wind and current patterns in the world’s
oceans – Effects?
Portuguese Breakthroughs
• Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)
– Promoted exploration of west African coast
– Established fortified trading posts
• 1488 Barolomeo Dias rounds Cape of
Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin
– Storms, restless crew force return
• Vasco de Gama reaches India by this
route, 1497
– By 1500, a trading post at Calicut
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Believed Earth was smaller Hemispheric Links
– Estimated Japan
approximately 2,500 miles
west of Canaries (actually
10,000 miles)
• Columbus tries three
times, never reaches
Asia
• Portuguese kings do not
• But by early 16th century,
fund proposed westward
several
powers
followtrip
WHY? Diff with China?
• Fernando and Isabel of
– English, Spanish,
Spain underwrite voyage
French, Dutch
• Discovers Bahamas, Cuba
• Realization of value of
newly discovered
Americas
European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 14861498- How does this differ from earlier exploration?
Circumnavigation of the Globe
• Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while
searching for gold in Panama, 1513
– Distance to Asia unknown
• Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by
Portuguese, uses Spanish support to
circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522
– Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of
South America
– Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors
survive journey
– Magellan killed in local political dispute in
Philippine Islands
• Spanish build
Philippines-Mexico
trade route- WHY?
• English, Russians
look for Northwest
Passage to Asia
– Most of route
clogged by ice in
Arctic circle
• Sir Frances Drake
(England) explores
west coast of North
America
• Vitus Bering
(Russia) sails
through Bering
Strait
• James Cook
(England) explores
southern Pacific
Exploration of the Pacific
Establishment of Trading-Post Empires
• Portuguese first to set up trading posts – WHY?
– 50 by mid-16th century
• Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge
duties
• Alfonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander
– Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have
hands amputated
• Yet Arab traders continue to operate
• Portuguese control declines by end of 16th c. –
WHY?
European trading posts in Africa and Asia,
about 1700
English and Dutch
Trading Posts
• Rival, parallel trading
networks
• English concentrate
on Indian trade
• Dutch in Cape Town,
Colombo, southern
Pacific
Assessment
• Create a multiple choice question based
on previous material
• Exchange question with neighbor
• Share question/answer with whole class
Extra Credit
• Why was Portugal able to take an early
lead in the exploration of the Indian
Ocean? How did such a tiny country gain
supremacy over the trade in that region?
When and how did they lose that
supremacy?
• What were some of the new trade goods
entering the world markets in the sixteenth
century? How would European demand for
these products affect overseas trade and
colonization?