Transcript File unit 7 - My Teacher Pages

Great Migration

Great Migration
took place during
the last Ice Age.
(30,000 years ago)

Asia to the
Americas
Reasons for
migrations?
 Environmental,
opportunity,
overpopulation,
famine, forced
migration

Impact of Isolation

Americas
Lived 15,000 years in isolation from the rest of
the world
 distinguishes American development from the
world’s other major cultural regions

Mesoamerican Vs Andean Regions

Mesoamerican and Andean regions
domestication of plants and animals
 Agricultural surpluses led to craft specialization
 development of trade and technology led to the rise
of social and political complexity


Andean region (Chavin)
the environment was a diverse combination of
mountain, arid coastal plains, and dense interior
jungles.
 domestication of the llama

 important
to the transportation of goods
The Olmecs 1400 B.C.E – 500 B.C.E
1st American
Civilization
 Around Mexican
Gulf Coast
 Built ceremonial
centers
 Pyramid shaped
centers

The Olmecs 1400 B.C. – 500 B.C.

Government


Cities



Ran by priests
No true cities
No walls around cities
suggests what?
Legacy

Set the foundation for
other great America
civilizations
Mayas 300 A.D. to 900 A.D.•Located on Yucatan
Peninsula (Guatemala)
•Mayan People were
farmers
•cleared Rainforest to
build farms
•Had a complex
irrigation system
Mayan Religion


Priest were the highest
people in society
Worshipped nature:


Animals, plants, waters,
planets
Religious rituals and
festivals were very
important


Ceremonies for harvest
and war
Human sacrifices
Mayas 300 A.D. to 900 A.D.
Architecture


Large pyramid temples
were built
Paintings that showed
gods and warriors
Chichen Itza, Mexico
Mayan Government


Each Mayan city had
its own ruling chief
Rulers were usually
men, but sometimes
women also ruled
Mayan Accomplishments


Developed a
hieroglyphic writing
system
Developed a 365 day
solar calendar


For religious purpose
Developed a counting
numbering system
Aztecs




Lived in Modern Day
Mexico
Capital – Tenochtitlan
(Mexico City today)
Became an Empire
and conquered other
lands
Spanish arrived in
15th century
Aztec Society
Emperor- Chosen by Council of Nobles and Priests
Nobles and Priests
Warriors –
Common People
Slaves
Officials, governors, judges
could attain a noble social
status If they killed an enemy
Farmers
- Mostly captives or criminals
(many were sacrificed to the
Sun God)
Aztec Religious Beliefs



Polytheistic
Priests performed
rituals to please many
Aztec Gods
Most important God –
The Sun God

Offered human
sacrifices (hearts) to
give the sun strength
to rise each day
Incas 1463 - 1532

Incan empire stretched
2500 miles


Andes mountains to
Pacific Coast (Ecuador to
Chile)
Built a road system that
stretched from 12,000
miles


Primarily used by soldiers
and messengers
Machu Picchu- Peru

Lost city after Spanish
conquest, later
Inca Government

Sapa Inca (emperor)
exercised absolute
power

Was chief religious
leader
Lives of Incas

Incas regulated people lives


Government officials arranged marriages
Farmers
Spent part of each year working for the
emperor
 Govt. took yearly harvest and divided among
people and kept some in storage

Inca Religion

Polytheistic

Gods linked to the forces of nature
Powerful classes of priests served the
Gods
 Chief God was Inti, the sun god

Chosen Women of the Sun

Started at age 8 and trained until age 16
where her fate would be decided
Made garments for the Sapa Inca
 Most remained in house of seclusion in
service of the Sun for most of their lives

The Age of
Exploration
Led by Portugal
and Spain
1400-1750
Exploration…Why Now?
Six Major Reasons
1. The Renaissance Spirit
2. An increasing competition among
European monarchs to be the “super
nation”
3. Riches in Spices, Silk and
Porcelain
4. Europeans wanted to
find new trade routes
direct access to Asia (most
important) & India
• Cut out Muslim &
Italian middlemen
• Need to bypass
Mediterranean
5. New Navigation
Technology
1. Better Maps
-More durable maps
made of sheep skin
2. The compass made it to
Europe by the 1200s, from
where?
3. The astrolabe measured
latitude using angles of
sun and stars on the
horizon; not accurate in
rough seas
An
astrolabe
The compass came
from China
The Caravel
Developed by the
Portuguese but a
combination of Arab
and European sail
design.
-Triangle-shaped
sails enabled ships to
sail against wind.
-Multiple masts
(upright
pole)increased speed.
The Ultimate
Reasons to
Explore….
6. The Three G’s
(political) Glory
(economic) Gold
(religious) God
The conquistadors,
or the
conquerors emerge
for all
three reasons.
Who’s Land Was It?
•
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spain to control west
territories; Portugal to
control east territories.
(Europe not included)
Portuguese Explorations:
Trading Empire
•
•
•
•
Prince Henry the Navigator
promoting and financing
exploration
Launched the Age of
Explorations
1418 started the first
school for oceanic
navigation
Sailors were trained in
navigation, map-making,
and astronomy
• Diaz and da Gama
Bartholomeu Dias 1487

First to reach the
southern tip of
Africa

Discovered the
Cape of Good
Hope.
Vasco
da Gama
• In 1497 led four ships on an
expedition to India.
• First to sail around Africa
and reach India
Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India
Spanish Explorations
Land Based Empire
Spain : Land Based Empire
Why?
Spain and Portugal had similar motives
and identical ships and weapons
 What happened?
 Isolation of the Americans made the
motives different
 American lands much were easier to
dominate than Asian and African lands
 Resorted to conquest and plunder rather
than trade

Christopher Columbus:
• Born in Genoa, Italy
• In 1492, Queen Isabella and
King Ferdinand financed an
expedition for Columbus to
find a new route to India
heading west.
• Miscalculated the
circumference of the
world
• Legacy
• Linked the Old World to
the New World
First Circumnavigator of the Globe
Ferdinand Magellan 1519
• Charted a narrow waterway
named Strait of Magellan
which enabled sailors to cross
the Pacific Ocean.
• 1521 died in the Philippines
• 18 sailors complete the mission
back to Spain
Financed by the
Dutch
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE…
WHAT IS IT?

exchange of
animals, plants,
culture, human
populations,
diseases,
technology and
ideas between Old
and the New World
Columbian Exchange

Disease (small pox –the greatest killer)


Europeans (Old World)




greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting
European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while
Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as
syphilis.
introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian
diets, while other crops like sugar cane were intended for
cultivation with exploited labor
European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives
Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency)
New World


the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a
great impact on Old World agriculture
beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced
the exchange between Amerindians and Europeans
The Eve of
Destruction
In 1492 anthropologists
estimate there were about 75
million Native Americans in
the Western Hemisphere; 25
million in Mexico
By 1650 there are less than
10 million in the hemisphere;
1 million in Mexico!
What happened?
Cortes Treated as a God…
 Arrived
in 1519 with 11 ships,
500+ men and a few cannons
 Taught
to be the arrival of the
great god Quetzalcoatl
8
months of peace
 Cortes
formed an alliance
with those enslaved tribes
who hate their Aztec
 It
took two years for Cortes
to conqueror the empire.
A Map of Cortes’ travels across Mexico, 1519-1526
The Rest of the Story…
 Indians
forced to work
on Spanish farms and
mines.
 many died from over
work, lack of food and
disease; (small pox)
 forced to convert to
Christianity
3. Disease

Spanish seemed immune
Conquest of Peru
In
1531, Pizarro sailed from
Panama city with about 180
men.
The Spaniards find the
Inca’s trying to recover from
civil war.
Had
he come early he
would have met a united
empire.
Pizzaro
uses the Inca’s own
roads to get to them. They
have 14,000 miles of road!
Reasons for Victory…
1. Superior military
technologies: armor, steel
swords, fire arms, cannons
2. Division & Discontent
among the Indians.
3. Disease brought by the
Europeans
4. Spanish imposed forced
labor and religious
conversion to control their
empire
Conquest and Slavery
In The New World, 1400-1750
The
history of
Native
People in
the Latin
America…
The
picture
“says” it
all!
What do
you see?
Land Claims in the Americas
By 1675,
Spain, France,
Britain, and
Portugal
possessed
sizable
overseas
empires.
Trade ships
carried goods
between
Europe and
the Americas
and Africa.
Demographic Shifts




16th and 17th Century (Shifts were enormous)
Americas
 Aztecs and Incas were wiped out
 Huge cities were depopulated
 Europeans moved by hundreds of thousands
 Africans were forced to move by the millions
Europe
 Cities swelled as feudal system evaporated
 Urban middle class merchants lined their pockets
with the fruits of trade and labor
By 1750, continents of the Old and New World were
unrecognizable from their 1450 counterparts
Land Claims in the Americas
About 1750
colonial societies established in the Americas by
Spain and Portugal

Society


Labor shortage


because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor
shortages, the African slave trade became a major factor in
colonial society and culture.
Catholic Church (richest institution)



patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical,
and uniformly Catholic.
Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief
to the New World
Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath
the surface of imposed Christianity
Economy


Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru
Brazil- sugar plantation
Spanish Colonial
Society
In Spanish America, the mix
of diverse people gave
rise to a new very strict
class system:
1. Peninsulares, people born
in Spain, were at the top
of society.
2. Creoles, American-born
descendents of Spanish
settlers, were next.
3. Mestizos were people of
Native American and
European descent.
4. Mulattoes were people of
African and European
descent.
SLAVERY
Why was African slave labor was so widely used in the
Americas?
Once popular theories
 more resistant to disease and better suited to
heavy work in tropical climates.
 motivated primarily by prejudice.
 Eric Williams has refuted that particular
theory with his famous quote that “Slavery
was not born of racism: rather, racism was
the consequence of slavery.”

Atlantic slave trade.
It was a partnership between
European and African elites
 African kings and
merchants who controlled
the trade, not Europeans.
Africans demanded highquality goods
 Guns and textiles
Most slaves taken from Africa
were prisoners of war
Great Circuit.

Some trading patterns were three-sided, or
triangular.
 -First
leg was a trade route from Europe to
Africa
 -Middle passage was a voyage from Africa
to the Americas
1
out of every 6 slaves died during the
voyage
Saharan slave trade VS the Atlantic slave trade?
 Indigenous
Muslim states controlled both
sides of the Saharan trade.
 Islamic law prohibited the enslavement
of Muslims, but some where still
enslaved
 The Atlantic slave trade was heavily male;
the Saharan slave trade heavily female.
Triangular Trade Grows
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network
know as the triangular trade.
Original Triangle Trade Route:
Slaves, Sugar & Rum
Rum
Sugar
Slaves
Destinations of Enslaved Africans,
1500–1870
Greatest sugar producer in 1600 – Brazil
Greatest sugar producer in 18th century – Saint Domingue (Haiti)


Life of a slave working on a plantation in the 18th
century
Slaves were organized into “gangs” for field work
 “drivers” typically a male slave kept tight control
over the slaves
 Rewarded for good work and punished harshly for
failing to meet daily quotas and/or showing any
form of resistance
 Worked hard to avoid punishment
Death Rate
 Most slaves died of diseases
 Life expectancy of a Brazilian male was 23 years
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By the 1800s, an
estimated 11 million
enslaved Africans had
reached the Americas.
Although the slave
trade ended in 1807,
slavery continued to
exist
Slave Collar
So a runaway
could be heard!
A Different Kind of
Slavery…BUT


"Anyone can say that
slavery has existed
forever," says Frans
Fontaine, "even the
Greeks and Romans had
slaves.” But this kind of
slavery was different –
it was fixed to race. You
became a slave because
you were black.
A Different Kind of
Slavery…BUT


slavery didn't fit in with
Christian ideals. How was it
justified?
Europeans and Americans
determined, they were not really
humans.