Transcript When Worlds Collide, 1942-1590 - AP United States History

WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE,
1492-1590
Out of Many Chapter 2
The Expansion of Europe
How did social change in Europe contribute to
European expansion overseas?
First Contact
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We all know that Columbus’
journey in 1492 was the first time
European explorers landed in the
“new world”
But was it really??
There is archeological evidence
that suggests perhaps there were
earlier encounters with the native
people of the region,
particularly in Newfoundland, by
the Norse
Before Exploration: European Societies
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Agricultural; peasant farmers
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During the centuries preceding European exploration of the
Americas, Europeans were making great advancement in farming
technologies
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Village people; lived in households
Labor roles based on gender
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Water mills, iron plows, livestock harnesses, crop rotation
Ladies were furnished with dowries, but usually left out of
inheritance
Feudalism
Roman catholic; some Jewish (fled Palestine)
Poor diets, malnourished
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Bread & porridge, seasonal veggies, and occasional fish/meat
After the Plague…
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The bubonic plague (“Black Death”) struck Europe during
the mid 1300s
 1/3
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of western European population died
European economy showed the ability to recover
 Commerce
expanded to include trading in cereals, timber,
minerals, salt, wine, fish, & wool
 Stimulated the growth of markets & towns
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By 1500, Europe had fully recovered from the plague
European monarchs aligned themselves with merchants
which ultimately gave them an extraordinary capacity to
generate capital for overseas expansion
The Crusades
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Series of great military battles
sanctioned by the Catholic Church to
try & regain Palestine
Conquest by the end of the 11th
century provided Europeans with
access to new materials/spice like silk,
cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, & pepper
Asian civilization also provided new
innovations that the Europeans
adapted
Compass, gunpowder, & printing with
movable type
 “three greatest inventions known to man”
–Francis Bacon
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The Renaissance
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After the Crusades, Europeans now had access to
previously lost religious texts that had been conserved in
Muslim libraries
The revival of interest in classical antiquity sparked the
period of intellectual & artistic flowering in Europe during
the 14th, 15th, & 16th centuries
was known as the Renaissance
period
 Human-centered
perspective
 Critical component of the spirit
that motivated the exploration
of the Americas
Portuguese Explorations
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Portugal was the first to send explorers off to distant lands
Prince Henry, “the Navigator”
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Started a school with the brightest geographers & instrument makers
By mid-fifteenth century, they knew the world to be spherical
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Idea that Columbus thought the world was flat when he sailed on his voyage is
a myth
Created a faster & better-handling ship called a caravel & later armed it
with cannons
Portuguese explored the Atlantic coast of NW Africa
Colonized the Atlantic islands of the Azures and the Madeiras
1488, Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) to find a
new trading route with Indies
1498, Da Gama reached the Indies
Established the Atlantic slave trade
Columbus Reaches the Americas
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Columbus wanted to find a shorter trade route
to the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic
Needed royal backing, but denied by
Portuguese, French, & English monarchs
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Finally gets approval from Queen Isabel and
King Ferdinand of Spain (Castile & Aragon)
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Said Columbus’ calculations were wrong
Nation thrived on military conquest & they were
looking for new land to conquer
Myth: Queen Isabel pawned her royal jewels to
finance the trip
Fact: Italian merchants invested in the trip
Columbus embarked on “the Enterprise of the
Indies”
Columbus’ Intentions
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Very commercial, but more than that
Goal was to occupy & settle any lands
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to claim them by right of Conquest for Spain
Intentions were also very much imperial
The Voyage
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The vessels left Spain in August 1492
Stopped for some time in the Canary Islands before moving
eastward
In October, came upon the
Bahamas
Explored the islands of Cuba
& Hispaniola before heading
back to Spain to tell of his
discoveries
Probably the most important
discovery that Columbus made was
the clockwise motion of the Atlantic currents & wind patterns
He would make a total of 4 voyages to the Americas before
his death in 1506
The Tainos
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Tainos were the native people of the
Caribbean
Columbus brought a group of them back with him to Spain
According to Columbus, they were “of a very acute
intelligence” and had “no iron or steel weapons”
Proposed that they could be made into slaves
Were treated very poorly by Spaniards
Stole food
 Abused the people
 Took women from their husbands & families
 Captured and sent to be slaves in Spain (most got sick & died)
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In 1942, there were approx. 300,000 Tainos. But, by the
1520s, they had effectively been eliminated as a people
The Spanish in the Americas
What factors contributed to the defeat of the
Aztecs and Incas by European forces?
Spanish Invasion of the Americas
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By the early 1600s, the Spanish had created a huge and wealthy
empire in the Americas
First stages were very violent
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Natives did not have the same quality/strength of weapons as the Spanish
Forced into labor (essentially slavery)
Bahamas – depleted of population in search of slaves
Hispaniola – depleted of gold resources
Puerto Rico, Jamaica, & Cuba – invaded in search of gold
1511: Spanish invaded C. America
1517: Spanish landed in Mexico & ran into the Aztecs
Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztec empire
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Superior military weapons
Made alliances with natives who were unhappy with the Aztecs
Aztecs also suffered from a smallpox epidemic
Opposition to Violence
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Not all Europeans agreed with the treatment of the native peoples in the
Americas
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In 1500, Columbus was shackled and sent back to Spain as a prisoner for the
way he was treating the natives & running the colonies
Bartolome de Las Casas
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“On what authority have you waged a detestable war against these people, who
dwelt quietly on their own land?”
“Are these Indians not men...Are you not obliged to love them as you love
yourselves?”
Moral figure in early history of the Americas
“the entire human race is one”
cruelties against the natives essentially genocide
Not all natives died at the hand of war
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Some died due to lack of food
Low birthrates
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Too tired from work; induced abortions; killed their own kids
Smallpox & other diseases
Intercontinental Exchange
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Passage of diseases
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Smallpox, influenza, plague, measles, & typhus
Precious metals
Took artifacts from the natives & melted them down
 Silver from Mexican & Peruvian mines (used for coins)
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Crops/Food
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New to Old:
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Corn & potatoes = miracle food that helped end famine in Europe
Tobacco, Vanilla, Chocolate, Cotton
Old to New:
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Sugar, Rice, Coffee, Horses
The First Europeans in N. America
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Ponce de Leon
First to go to North America in search of more slaves
 Landed in Florida; claimed all of the land for Spain
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There were many invasion attempts from the Spanish, however,
they were typically pushed back by the natives
Their presence had introduced epidemic diseases that
depopulated & undermined the natives in southern North
America
The Spanish were searching for
Cibola – the city of gold
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When they failed to locate it, they
lost all interest in the southwest parts
of North America
Spanish “New World” Empire
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By 1600s some 250,000 European immigrants had
settled in the Americas
Spain & Portugal the primary colonizers at the time
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Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the Americas between Spain & Portugal
 Spain got the better end of the deal
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Few Spanish women came to the new world, so many
Spanish men married natives creating a mixed race
(mestizos or mulattoes)
Made up one of the largest empires in this history of
the world
Northern Explorations & Encounters
What differences were there among Spanish,
English, and French patterns of colonization?
Northern Explorations & Encounters
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French
Looking for NW passage to the Indies
 Found the St. Lawrence river – connected them to Great Lakes, &
ultimately the OH & MS rivers
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Encounters with Natives
Woodland Indians
 More about commerce than conquest
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Indians appreciated the textiles, glass, copper, & ironware the Europeans
had to offer
 Europeans interested in furs – supply depleted in Europe
 Somewhat uneven trades: furs would sell for 10x-20x the amount in Europe
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Spread of epidemic diseases
 Indians adapted metal knives, kettles, & firearms to their way of life
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Northern Explorations & Encounters
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English
 John
Cabot, Italian sea
captain
 Explored
the coast of
Newfoundland in 1497
 Never
followed up on his
explorations
 Had too many problems at
home
Protestant Reformation
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German priest Martin Luther publically proclaimed his
differences with the Roman Catholic Church
Declared eternal salvation a gift from God, not related to
works/service
 Attracted followers all over NW Europe who were persecuted by
Catholic authorities
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John Calvin developed the theory of predestination
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Stated that God had selected a chosen number of men/women for
salvation, while condemning the rest to eternal damnation
Huguenots, French followers of Calvin, were behind the first
French attempts at colonization in the new world
Worried the Spanish; though they had no intentions of
colonizing FL, they were fearful of the threat against their
gold/silver routes
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King Henry VIII
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Support the Catholic Church at first
Became frustrated with the amount of land & property
Rome held in England
When Rome would not annul Henry’s marriage to
Queen Catherine (daughter of Isabel & Ferdinand), he
denounced the Catholic Church
Queen Elizabeth
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Century England
After Henry’s death, her younger brother & older sister
both took the throne and died
Tolerated a variety of views within the church
Spanish monarch swore to overthrow her
Irish Invasion
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England needed a place for all of the uprooted citizens
that were homeless in the major cities
Decided to subdue Irish Catholics & settle the homeless
there on their lands (“wild Irish”)
English Claims
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In the 1570s and 1580s, under
Queen Elizabeth, England
challenged Spanish shipping in both
the Atlantic & Pacific oceans
Sir Francis Drake
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Attacked Spanish ships
Seized gold and silver
Attacked Spanish settlements on the
coast of Peru
1587, Attempted to establish a
settlement at Roanoke Island (off NC
coast)
Venture failed
Both were known as “sea dogs”
The Spanish Armada, 1588
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King Philip II of Spain was outraged that England was attempting to
invade the “new world”
Sent a fleet of 130 ships to invade the British Isles
England chose the cloak of a storm as their opportunity to attack
By defeating the large Spanish fleet, England had gained a
reputation as a major naval power
Conclusions
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The Spanish opened the era of European
colonization in the Americas with Columbus’s voyage
in 1492
By the end of the 16th century, however, they had
not succeeded in establishing any lasting colonial
communities.
Left it open for other countries to colonize.
“Not So”
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You are going to be divided up into 5 groups.
As a group, either assign one person the task of reading,
or decided to break up the reading amongst the group
members
Once you have finished reading the article, have a group
discussion about your thoughts on the article.
Break up into pairs (it’s ok if you pair up with someone
from another group)
As a pair, you will answer the following questions on a
sheet of paper.
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Discuss the following questions as they apply to the article:
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What appears to be the author’s motive or purpose in writing about this
issue?
Does the author take a position on the issue?
What evidence does the author give to support his position? Make sure to
fully describe the type of evidence he uses and give specific examples
from the article.
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Facts?
Opinions?
Cause/Effect Relationships?
What does the author conclude about the issue & controversy?
State YOUR conclusion, being sure to include the following:
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Do you agree or disagree with the author’s position and the evidence he
offered to support it? Were any of the facts, opinions or cause/effect
relationships faulty? Did his arguments and evidence convince you of his
position?
What other evidence can you cite pertaining to this issue (such as your
textbook, other readings or material presented in class)? Give SPECIFIC
examples and sources of the other evidence that you use to support your
conclusion.