Transcript Hota Chapter 1

Chapter 1
New World Beginnings
33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1783
225 Million Years
Ago –
Pangaea started to
break apart
Geological Changes
• 10 million years ago North America was shaped by nature
• 2 million years ago Great Ice Age
• 35,000 years ago the sea level dropped leaving an isthmus connecting Asia
and North America (Bering Strait)
• 10,000 years ago ice started to retreat and melt which once again covered
the land bridge from the Old World to the New World
Evidence suggests that early people
may have come to the Americas in
crude boats or across Bering Strait
• Maybe 50 million
people arrived
• Incas in Peru
• Mayans in Central
America
• Aztecs in Mexico
• Pueblos in Southwest
America
Other “Native” groups: Mound
Builders, Anasazi, Iroquois
Confederacy (Mohawks, Oneidas,
Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) Led by
Hiawatha
Aztec cultural characteristics
• Maize cultivation
• Mathematicians
• Human sacrifice
The Vikings
• 1000 AD Norsemen
land at New Found land
Leif Ericson
Christian
Crusaders
On their way to
conquer the Holy
Land, the Crusaders
discovered many
goods not found in
Europe. (Silks,
perfumes, spices,
sugar, drugs)
• How to get the goods to
Europe and around Arab
Middlemen?
Marco Polo and his exploration of
China?
Book of Marco Polo
Europeans Enter Africa
• People of Europe were
able to reach subSaharan Africa around
1450 when the
Portuguese invented
the caravel, a ship that
could sail into the
wind. This ship
allowed sailors to sail
back up the western
coast of Africa and
back to Europe.
The Portuguese set up
trading posts along the
African coast trading
with slaves and gold,
trading habits that
were originally done by
the Arabs and Africans.
The Portuguese
shipped the slaves back
to Spain and Portugal
where they worked on
the sugar plantations.
Portuguese slave trade begins modern
plantation labor system, begins African
Diaspora
Early Portuguese Explorers
• 1488 Bartholomeau
Dias rounds the tip of
Africa
• Dias’s trip
Vasco de Gama
• In 1498 reaches India
Meanwhile the nation state of Spain
was united by the marriage of
Ferdinand and Isabella, and with the
expulsion of the Moors. Spain wanted
to challenge Portugal for exploration
and colonization supremacy.
Christopher Columbus
• From Italy, by way of Portugal, Columbus gets
leaders of Spain to finance voyage of
discovery. In his three ships, Nina, Pinta and
Santa Maria, Columbus sails west to get east.
• He lands in the Bahamas in 1492.
Columbian Exchange
• As a result of Columbus’
voyages four continents
are impacted. Old
World provided the
markets, capital and
technology (printing
press, mariner’s
compass and caravel.
Columbian Exchange
• Europe provides the
markets, capital,
mariner’s compass,
caravel
Columbian Exchange
• Africa provided the
labor while the New
World offered raw
material….especially the
soil
Columbian Exchange
New World
• Gold / Silver
• Corn /potato / pineapple /
tomato / tobacco /beans /
vanilla / chocolate
• Syphillis
Old World
• Wheat / sugar / rice / coffee
• Horses / cows / pigs
• Smallpox / measles /
bubonic plague / influenza /
typhus / scarlet fever
Spain v. Portugal
• With the Treaty of
Tordesillas (Papal Line of
Demarcation) in which
Spain and Portugal
divided up “their claims”
to the known world, Spain
claimed land to the West
of Europe while Portugal
claimed East towards Asia
and Africa. Portugal also
had a claim to what
would be modern day
Brazil.
Spanish conquistadors
• Conquistadors search
for power and glory.
• Vasco Nunez Balboa
discovers Pacific Ocean.
• Ferdinand Magellan is
first to circumvent the
globe, actually only his
ship Victoria makes it
back.
Spanish conquistadors
• Juan Ponce de Leon
searches in Tierra
Florida, or land of the
flowers.
• Think Fountain of Youth
Spanish conquistadors
• Francisco Coronado
explores in Southwest
America searching for
fabled seven cities of
gold (Cibola)
Spanish Conquistadors
• Hernando de Soto
explores the Mississippi
River while Francisco
Pizarro (pictured)
conquered the Incas of
Peru
Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes
conquered Aztecs, who were led by
Emperor Montezuma
Spanish Conquistadors
(continued)
Don Juan de Onate searched in
the New Mexico area
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo searched
in the California area
The Spanish in the New World
St. Augustine 1565
Sante Fe New Mexico 1609
All a Black Legend?
Positives
• Hundreds of cities /
cathedrals / spread of
religion
Negatives
• Pope’s Rebellion
• Genocide?