Transcript CHAPTER 04 - Dunkleman`s World Cultures

Unit 2
The Growth of New Ideas
As Europe emerges
from the Middle Ages,
exploration and
overseas trade help
spur large economic,
political, and religious
changes.
Crusaders prepare to travel to the Holy Land.
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The Growth of New Ideas
SECTION 1
Renaissance Connections
SECTION 2
Traders, Explorers, and Colonists
SECTION 3
The Age of Revolution
SECTION 4
The Russian Empire
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Section 1
Renaissance Connections
The rebirth of art, literature, and ideas during the
Renaissance changes European society.
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Renaissance Connections
Europeans Encounter New Cultures
The Crusades
• Crusades—series of expeditions from 1000s–
1200s
- Western Europeans seek to capture Holy Lands
from Muslims
• Open trade routes link Europe to southwest Asia,
North Africa
- Europeans rediscover ideas of ancient Greece,
Rome
• Interest in ancient world sparks the Renaissance
- cultural era of creativity, learning from 1300s–
1500s
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The Rebirth of Europe
The Italian City-States
Map
• Renaissance begins on Italian Peninsula in mid1300s
• Peninsula is divided into independent city-states
- Florence is center of banking, trade,
manufacturing
• New aristocrats live in cities; money comes from
commerce not land
A Changing View of the World
• Rich build large, luxurious homes; have best
food, clothes, jewels
- emphasize education, arts
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Learning and the Arts Flourish
The Role of Patrons
• Rich citizens become patrons; give artists, scholars
money, housing
- hire architects for churches, buildings, sculptures,
fountains
• Pride in city-states makes patrons seek top artists,
scholars, poets
Image
The Visual Arts: New Subjects and Methods
• Renaissance artists create religious works, but also
other subjects
- portraits of patrons; historical, mythological
paintings
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Learning and the Arts Flourish
Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci—famous artist and scientist
- paints the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
• Skilled engineer, scientist, inventor
- fills notebooks with sketches of discoveries,
inventions
- has ideas for flying machines, parachutes,
Image
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The Northern Renaissance
Erasmus and Shakespeare
• Renaissance’s inspiration spreads to Northern
Europe
• Dutch scholar, philosopher Desiderius Erasmus
- criticizes church for its wealth, pokes fun at its
officials
• William Shakespeare—English playwright in
late 1500s, early 1600s
- popular plays include Romeo and Juliet,
Macbeth
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The Reformation
Martin Luther
• Some Northern Renaissance views conflict with
Roman Catholic Church
- leads to Reformation—1500s movement to change
church practices
• German monk Martin Luther disturbed by church’s
wealth, corruption
- opposes selling of indulgences—forgiving sins for
money
• In 1517, he attacks church in 95 theses—statements
of belief
• Luther is excommunicated—cast out of church, goes
into hiding
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A Conflict over Religious Beliefs
The Spread of Protestant Ideas
• Luther’s followers are called Protestants
- their protest at a meeting ends church’s tolerance
of their beliefs
• Many still support church—conflict causes religious
wars
- 1555 Peace of Augsburg—German states pick
own official religions
• By 1600, Protestantism spreads to England,
Scandinavia
Continued . . .
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A Conflict over Religious Beliefs
The Counter Reformation
• Church movement of mid-1600s
- stops selling indulgences
- new Society of Jesus (Jesuits) spreads
Catholicism worldwide
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Section 2
Traders, Explorers,
and Colonists
European trade and exploration changes the lives
of many people on both sides of the Atlantic.
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Traders, Explorers, and Colonists
Trade Between Europe and Asia
The Spice Trade
• Europeans want Asian spices
- pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves preserve
food, improve flavor
• Spice trade controlled by Italian merchants
from Genoa, Venice
- sail to eastern Mediterranean ports to get
Asian goods
The Possibility of Great Wealth
• Transport of goods is costly, so spices are
expensive in Europe
- in 1400s, new direct trade route to Asia is
sought
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Leaders in Exploration
Exploring the African Coast
• Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator seeks
shortcut to Asia
- in early 1400s, sends explorers down coast of
Africa
• Explorers return with gold dust, ivory, navigational
knowledge
The Race Around Africa
Map
• Bartolomeu Dias rounds Africa’s south tip
(Cape of Good Hope) in 1488
• A decade later, Vasco da Gama finds sea route
to India
• Portugal puts trading posts on Indian Ocean
coasts, rules the seas
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Europe Enters a New Age
Christopher Columbus
Interactive
• Some believe shortest way to Asia is west
across Atlantic
• Italian Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain,
leaves in 1492
- when Columbus finds land in Caribbean, he
thinks it is Asia
Ferdinand Magellan
• In 1519, Spain funds Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan
- killed in battle in Philippines after 18 months
at sea
- only 18 crewmen circumnavigate—sail
completely around—the world
Continued . . .
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Europe Enters a New Age
John Cabot
• England’s Henry VII wants his share of new riches
- funds voyage by Italian-born Giovanni Caboto,
called John Cabot
- Cabot thinks north route across Atlantic might be
shortcut to Asia
• Cabot sails from England in 1497, thinks he finds
Asia
- it was most likely present-day Newfoundland,
Canada
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The Outcomes of Exploration
A Clash of Cultures
• Europeans founded colonies on coasts of
Africa, the Americas
• Imperialism—one country controls
government, economy of another
• Lands already home to self-ruling peoples with
own traditions
Religious Conversion
• Christian European monarchs send
missionaries to colonies
- want to convert conquered peoples to
Christianity
• Hope new converts will help Christianity
overcome powerful Islam
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The Outcomes of Exploration
The Spread of Diseases
• Unknowingly, Europeans carry diseases to
colonies
- smallpox, malaria, measles kill millions in the
Americas
Slavery
• Portuguese buy West African people to work as
slaves in Portugal
• In some colonies, Europeans make native
peoples work land for them
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Section 3
The Age of Revolution
Scientific, industrial, and political revolutions
transform European society.
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The Age of Revolution
Changes in Science and Industry
The Scientific Revolution
• In 1500s, 1600s, discoveries lead to Scientific
Revolution
• Italy’s Galileo Galilei studies stars, planets with
new telescope
• Holland’s Antoni van Leeuwenhoek examines
water with microscope
• Sweden’s Carolus Linnaeus develops
classification system
- makes it possible to classify all living things on
Earth
Continued . . .
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Changes in Science and Industry
The Industrial Revolution
• New machines do jobs once done by humans,
animals
• Industrial Revolution changes how goods are
produced
- machines are grouped into factories
- placed near streams for power
• By late 1700s, steam engines allow factories to
be built in cities
- people move from countryside to cities for work
Chart
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The Workshop of the World
Hard Work for Low Pay
 Industrial Revolution begins in England in late
1700s
- first factories make large amounts of textiles
fast, cheap
• England is called “The Workshop of the World”
• Factories need labor force—workers
- earn more in cities, but work long hours for low
pay
• In 1838, women, children make up 75% of textile
workers
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The Workshop of the World
The Spread of Industrialization
• England’s textile industry is step in the
development of capitalism
- factories, businesses are privately owned
- owners decide what goods to produce, sell them
at a profit
• Industrialization spreads to Germany, France,
Belgium, U.S.
• Cities grow rapidly, become crowded and dirty
- diseases spread, smoke fills skies, pollution
fouls rivers
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The French Revolution
Ripe for Political Change
• By 1780s, French government is in debt from
bad investments, wars
• Food shortages, heavy taxes make life hard for
working people
• King Louis XVI, wife Marie Antoinette live in
luxury
Storming the Bastille
• Citizens’ demands for change are ignored
• French Revolution, July 1789—mobs storm
Paris’s Bastille prison
• By 1791, new constitution makes all citizens
equal
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The French Revolution
The French Republic
• France becomes a republic in 1792
• Louis, Marie beheaded in 1793 for treason—
betraying one’s country
• Revolutionary leaders don’t tolerate disagreement
- Reign of Terror—17,000 people are executed
in 1793–94
Napoleon
• In 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte takes
over, ends the disorder
• New equality stirs French nationalism—pride in,
loyalty to, nation
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Section 4
The Russian Empire
Strong leaders build Russia into a large empire, but
the country’s citizens have few rights and struggle
with poverty.
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The Russian Empire
Russia Rules Itself
The First Czars of Russia
• Mongols rule Russia from 1200s–1400s
• Ivan the Terrible becomes the first czar—
emperor—in 1547, at age 16
- known for cruelty, has Russia constantly at war
• Russia has unlimited government—one ruler
has all power
Conflicts at Home
• First czars see rich nobles as threat—Ivan has
many murdered
• Laws make peasants into serfs, forced to stay
on their farms
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The Expansion of Russia
A Window on the West
• Peter the Great—intelligent, visionary ruler from
1682–1725
• Defeats Sweden in war, gains Baltic Sea coast;
builds port city
- new capital St. Petersburg—“window on the west”
• Peter wants closer ties to Western Europe
- seeks Scientific Revolution ideas, inventions to
modernize Russia
- reforms army, builds schools, makes Russia
stronger
Image
Continued . . .
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The Expansion of Russia
A Great Empress
• Catherine the Great controls Russia from 1762–
1796
• Adds vast new lands to empire, including
Ukraine, Belarus
• Starts schools, encourages art, science, literature
• Builds towns, expands trade, creates powerful
nation
• Catherine considers freeing peasants, but nobles
won’t let her
- in 1770s, Catherine crushes peasant uprising
Map
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A Divided Russia
The Nobles
• Have children educated in Germany, France;
speak French at home
• Exposed to Western European ideas about
government and its citizens
• Noble army officers, government officials support
the czar
- 1825 attempt to replace the government by a
group of nobles fails
The Serfs
• In 1861, Alexander II ends serfdom
- serfs have to pay a heavy tax; are given poor
land; gain little
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A Divided Russia
Bloody Sunday
• Students, artists, writers are unhappy with
treatment of serfs
• Workers complain about low pay, work conditions
• In 1905, workers march to St. Petersburg’s palace
with demands
- many are shot by government troops
- news of “Bloody Sunday” spreads across Russia
• People’s anger with government, czar grows
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The End of the Russian Empire
The Russian Revolution
• Czar Nicholas II cannot keep Russia out of World
War I in 1914
- allies with France, Britain; suffers huge losses
against Germany
• Cities have food shortages; workers go on strikes
• Revolutionaries organize workers against czar;
army turns on him
• 1917 Russian Revolution removes Nicholas; czar
and family killed
- ends 300 years of Romanov rule, 400 years of
czars’ rule
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