Transcript the age of exploration

THE AGE OF
EXPLORATION
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY
AN OVERVIEW
BACKGROUND- 15TH
CENTURY
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RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE
NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW
NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE
MONARCHS
INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS
ACTIVITY
RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR
KNOWLEDGE
Crusades
MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR
EUROPEAN EXPANSION
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DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE
(NATIONALISM)
– NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY
– PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS
POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME,
AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE
QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL
KNOWLEDGE
DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY
INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL
COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL
NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE
EAST – INCREASE PROFITS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT
IMPACTED EXPLORATION
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BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN
PRINTING PRESS
MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS
THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK
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ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL
METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION
MORE ACCURATE MAPS
GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS
–
CANNONS AND MUSKETS
CARAVEL
A Viking Ship
PRINTING PRESS
ASTROLABE
NEW WEAPONS
IMPROVED COMPASS
MAJOR NATION- STATES
INVOLVED IN
EXPLORATION
PORTUGAL
WEST AFRICA
PARTS OF ASIA
SOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)
MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADE
GOLD
SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICA
NEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES
PRINCE HENRY THE
NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL
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National policies
strongly supported
exploration and trade
 Portugal had a long
tradition of navigation
and trade
 Sets up trading ports
called factories
Portuguese Explorers
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Bartolomeu Dias
rounds the Cape of
Good Hope.
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Vasco de Gama
reaches India and
returns with a ship
full of goods.
Spain
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Envious of
Portugal's success,
Christopher
Columbus
convinces the King
and Queen to
commission a trip
west to find a better
trade route to India.
 Tensions between
Spain and Portugal
grow.
LINE OF DEMARCATION
The Dutch & English
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Own the largest
fleet in the world.
20,000 vessels
 Dutch East India
company develop a
stronger.
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Elizabeth I,
established the
English East India
Company in a
attempt to drive the
Dutch out.
Age of Exploration
(12 min)
Ming and Qing Dynasties
ch. 19 sect. II
Last 3 Dynasties (Beijing)
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Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)
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Mongolian
– north of China proper
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Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
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Han Chinese
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
–
Manchu
– northeast of China proper
Confucian culture
modern concept of political nation state
 Chinese defined by Confucian culture
 civil service exam (605-1905)
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–
social mobility
– reward diligence, discipline, and
willpower, but not talent or innovation
law of avoidance
 “sum of social relationships”
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Social hierarchy and mobility
scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and
merchants
 scholar-official-landlord
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learning, political power, and economic
wealth
local elite (gentry) and lineage
 lack of work ethic
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literati’s long gown
– foot-binding for women
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China Limits European Contacts
China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty
A New Dynasty
• Ming dynasty—rules China from 1368 to 1644
• Ming rulers collect tribute from many Asian countries
The Rise of the Ming
• Hongwu—peasant’s son who leads army that forces
Mongols from China
• First Ming emperor, he begins agricultural and
government reforms
• His son, Yonglo, becomes next emperor; moves
royal court to Beijing
• In 1405, he launches first of voyages of exploration
Continued . . .
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continued China
Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty
The Voyages of Zheng He
• Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long
voyages
• Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority
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Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
• In 1500s, Chinese government controls all
contact with outsiders
• High demand for Chinese goods helps China’s
economy prosper
• Government policies favor farming over
manufacturing and merchants
• Christian missionaries bring European ideas to
China
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Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433)
Over 300 ships & 20,000 men
 trade and commerce
 Southeast Asia, South Asia,
West Asia, and East Africa
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Zheng He’s expeditions
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Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty
Another New Dynasty
• Manchus—people of Manchuria, in northern
China
• Qing dynasty—Manchu rulers who take control
of China in 1644
China Under the Qing
• Chinese resent rule by non-Chinese, often rebel
• Manchus later gain acceptance through able rule
• Kangxi—emperor from 1661 to 1722—reforms
government, promotes arts
• Qian-long—emperor from 1736 to 1795—expands
Chinese empire
Continued . . .
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Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912)
Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant
uprisings and Manchu invasion
 Manchu and Han Chinese
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Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty
Another New Dynasty
• Manchus—people of Manchuria, in northern
China
• Qing dynasty—Manchu rulers who take
control of China in 1644
China Under the Qing
• Chinese resent rule by non-Chinese, often rebel
• Manchus later gain acceptance through able rule
• Kangxi—emperor from 1661 to 1722—reforms
government, promotes arts
• Qian-long—emperor from 1736 to 1795—expands
Chinese empire
Continued . . .
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continued Manchus
Found the Qing Dynasty
Manchus Continue Chinese Isolation
• Chinese think themselves culturally superior to
other peoples
• Set special rules for foreign traders to follow
• Dutch accept these rules; British do not and are
blocked from trade
Korea Under the Manchus
• In 1636, Manchus conquer Korea
• Korean people gradually develop feelings of
nationalism
• Art reflects rejection of Chinese ways
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Life in Ming and Qing China
Families and the Role of Women
• New farming techniques produce
more crops, spur population growth
• Families favor sons over daughters
• Some women work outside home,
but most live restricted lives
Cultural Developments
• Culture based on traditional forms
• Dream of the Red Chamber (literary work)
reveals
Manchu society
• Plays about China’s history help unify Chinese
people
Image
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Ming and Qing Emperors
Mandate of Heaven
Emperor & Macartney (1793)
Section 3
Japan Returns to Isolation
The Tokugawa regime unifies Japan and
begins 250 years of isolation, autocracy,
and economic growth.
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Japan Returns to Isolation
A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders
Local Lords Rule
• In 1467, civil war destroys old feudal system in
Japan
• Period from 1467 to 1568 is called time of the
“Warring States”
• Daimyo—warrior-chieftains—are lords in new feudal
system
• Emperor is figurehead with no real
power
• Daimyo build armies of mounted
samurai and gun- bearing infantry
Continued . . .
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continued A
New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders
New Leaders Restore Order
• Oda Nobunaga—powerful daimyo who
seizes
capital of Kyoto in 1568
• Nobunaga tries to eliminate rival daimyo and
Buddhist monasteries
• In 1582, commits suicide when an ally turns
against him
• General Toyotomi Hideyoshi carries on
Nobunaga’s work
• By 1590, controls most of Japan
• Launches invasion of Korea, but effort ends
when he dies
Continued . . .
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continued A
New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders
Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan
• Tokugawa Ieyasu takes over, completes
unification of Japan
• In 1603, becomes shogun, or sole ruler
• Sets up capital at Edo, which grows to be
Tokyo
• Uses restrictions to keep daimyo under
control
• Tokugawa Shogunate rules Japan from
1603 to 1867
Map
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Life in Tokugawa Japan
Society in Tokugawa Japan
• Long period of peace, prosperity, cultural
growth
• Structured society, with shogun as actual
ruler
• Confucian ideas influence society
• Peasants suffer from high taxes; many leave
farms for cities
• By mid-1700s, Japan becoming urban
society
• Most women lead sheltered lives
Continued . . .
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continued Life
in Tokugawa Japan
Culture Under the Tokugawa
Shogunate
• Traditional culture thrives
• Tragic noh dramas popular among
samurai
• Townspeople enjoy new type of
realistic fiction
• Many people enjoy haiku—three-line
poetry that presents images
• Kabuki theater—skits with elaborate
costumes, music, and dance
Image
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Contact Between Europe and Japan
Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology
to Japan
• In 1540s, European traders begin arriving;
welcomed by Japanese
• European firearms change Japanese way
of fighting
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Christian Missionaries in Japan
• In 1549, first Christian missionaries arrive
• By 1600, about 300,000 Japanese are Christians
• Japan’s rulers upset by this, ban Christianity
• After 1637 rebellion, Christianity is forbidden in
Japan
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The Closed Country Policy
Japan in Isolation
• Shoguns limit European trade to port of
Nagasaki
• Only Dutch and Chinese are allowed to
trade; shoguns control trade
• Japanese people are forbidden to travel
abroad
• Japan develops in isolation
Growing Tensions
• First Europeans arrive when Japan has no
central authority
• Shoguns, who later take power, dislike
European ideas, ways of life
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Portuguese in Japan
Section 1
Spain Builds an American
Empire
The voyages of Columbus prompt the Spanish to
establish colonies in the Americas.
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The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Europeans explore and
colonize the Americas,
disrupting native
civilizations, and build
the slave trade to
support plantations in
the New World.
Christopher Columbus, Spanish
explorer, as young man.
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FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN
SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND
EXPANSION
COLUMBUS- ITALIAN
LED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW
WORLD
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Spain Builds an American Empire
The Voyages of Columbus
First Encounters
• Sea captain Christopher Columbus
reaches Americas (1492)
• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los
indios”—Indians
• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for
Spain
• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a
large fleet
• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by
a foreign nation
Continued . . .
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continued The
Voyages of Columbus
Other Explorers Take to the Seas
• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
(1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new
continent (1501)
• In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent
America
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean
• Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world
(1519)
• Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to
Spain in 1522
Interactive
Image
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BALBOA
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CROSSING THE
ISTHMUS OF
PANAMA
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First European to
reach Pacific from
New World
Colonizes the island
of Hispaniola
MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE
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MAGELLAN DID
NOT SURVIVE THE
VOYAGE
 OF THE 270 MEN
WHO BEGAN THE
VOYAGE AROUND
THE GLOBE, ONLY
18 FINISHED THE
AND RETURNED
TO SPAIN
VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE
CORONADO
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Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Conquistadors
• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish
adventurer— lands in Mexico
• He and others become known as
conquistadors—Spanish conquerors
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs
• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlán
• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire
• Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native
American allies
• European diseases wipe out large numbers of
Aztecs
Image
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CORTES- SPANISH
Spanish Conquests in Peru
Another Conquistador
• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to
Peru in 1532
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish men and Native American women have children
• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—
population
• Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans
to work for them
The Portuguese in Brazil
In 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing
sugar
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PIZARRO- SPANISH
PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
ENCOMIENDA
TRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE
REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS
MINING
SILVER MINES
AT POTOSI
VAST AMOUNTS OF
GOLD AND SILVER
WERE SENT TO SPAIN
FROM THE NEW
WORLD
PRIMARY LABOR
FORCE WAS THE
INDEGENOUS
POPULATION
PLANTATIONSSUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROP
NATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES
WORKED THE FARMS
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Spain’s Influence Expands
Growth of Spanish Power
• Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain
• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying
treasure
Conquistadors Push North
• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain
(1513)
• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores
Southwest,
finds little gold
• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest
• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of
Santa Fe
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Opposition to Spanish Rule
Protests Against Mistreatment
• Catholic priests protest mistreatment of
Native Americans
African Slavery and Native Resistance
• Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542)
• Need for workers in mines and on farms met with
enslaved Africans
• Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors
• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in
modern New Mexico
• Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay
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Bartolome de Las Casas
See page 560 in
your textbook
for opposing
views of
Columbus’s
historic journey.
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2
European Nations Settle
North America
Competing Claims in North America
Other European Claims in North America
• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North
America
Explorers Establish New France
• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
• New France—French colony in North America
• New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi
River valley
A Trading Empire
• New France is very large but has few inhabitants
• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade
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2
The English Arrive in North America
The First English Colony
• King James permits investors to start North
American colony
• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English
settlement in Virginia
The Settlement at Jamestown
• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement
takes hold
Puritans Create a “New England”
• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found
Plymouth in 1620
• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle
in Massachusetts
• Many families in Massachusetts colony,
Continued . . .
which begins to grow
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continued The
English Arrive in North America
The Dutch Found New Netherland
• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for
Dutch
• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now
Albany and New York City
• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other
lands
Image
Colonizing the Caribbean
• European nations also start colonies in
Caribbean
• Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by
enslaved Africans
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Dutch Trade
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The Struggle for North America
The English Oust the Dutch
• New Netherland splits northern, southern English
colonies
• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to
surrender control
• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13
colonies
England Battles France
• English settlers, pushing west, collide with French
possessions
• French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’
War—begins (1754)
• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies
Image
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2
Native Americans Respond
A Strained Relationship
• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with
Native Americans
• English settlers and Native Americans disagree
over land, religion
Settlers and Native Americans Battle
• Hostility often breaks out into war
• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks
on colonists in 1675
Natives Fall to Disease
• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than
European diseases
• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of
Native Americans
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Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
To meet their growing labor needs,
Europeans enslave millions of Africans in
the Americas.
NEXT
SLAVE TRADE – WEST
AFRICA Sect. 3
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African slaves were
brought to the New
World to primarily
work in agriculture
 Portugal was the
major slave trading
European nation
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
The Demand for Africans
1. Africans had been exposed
to European disease
2. Experienced farmers
3. Could not escape, did not
know their way around
4. Skin color made them
easier to catch
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continued The
Causes of African Slavery
Spain and Portugal Lead the
Way
• By 1650, about 300,000
enslaved Africans in Spanish
colonies
• Portugal brings many more
slaves to sugar plantations in
Brazil
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3
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
England Dominates the Slave
Trade
• From 1690 to 1807,
England dominates slave
trade
• About 400,000 enslaved
Africans brought to North
American colonies
African Cooperation and Resistance
• Many African rulers capture people to
be sold into slavery
• Later, some rulers protest the trade
NEXT
Number of people enslaved
•
30 million
taken from
their homes
•10 million die during
capture phase
•10 million die
during middle
passage
•10 million survive
to make it over the
ocean
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Phases of the Slave Trade
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Capture:
•Most captured 50-100 miles inland
•Tribes often did not have a choice in helping
capture neighbors “divide and conquer”
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Phases of the Slave Trade
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Capture:
Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727
Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750
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Slave Forts
A Forced Journey
The Triangular Trade
• Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe,
Africa, Americas
• One trade route:
- manufactured goods move from Europe to
Africa
- people move from Africa to Americas
- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from
Americas to Europe
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The Middle Passage
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20% of Africans die
No bathroom
Very little food
Poor medical care
Rebellions
Suicide
Length of Trip
Disease
Trauma
Slavery in the Americas
A Harsh Life
• In Americas, captured Africans sold at
auction to
highest bidder
• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,
housing, clothing
Resistance and Rebellion
• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions
• Some resist by breaking tools or working
slowly
• Some run away or take part in revolts
NEXT
Phases of the Slave Trade
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West African expectations about
slavery:
•Slaves were not slaves for life
•A slave’s child would not be a slave
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SECTION
3
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Results in Africa and the Americas
• African societies suffer from loss of
so many people
• African families disrupted
• In Americas, labor of enslaved
people helps build new societies
• Enslaved Africans affect culture in
Americas
• Population in Americas changes
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Middle Passage
Capture of Slaves
Section 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
The colonization of the Americas
introduces new items into Eastern and
Western hemispheres.
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4
The Columbian Exchange and
Global Trade
The Columbian Exhange
The Columbian Exchange
• Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food,
plants, animals
• Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in
Eastern Hemisphere
• New animals, plants introduced by Europeans
take hold in Americas
• European diseases kill millions of Native
Americans
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Global Trade
Changing Economies
• Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes
business in Europe
The Rise of Capitalism
• New economic system—capitalism—based on
private property, profit
• Increase in business leads to inflation—rising
in Europe
• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high
inflation in Spain
Joint-Stock Companies
• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,
profits of business
• These companies help fund colonies in America
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The Growth of Mercantilism
New Economic Policy
• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes
national wealth as source of power
Balance of Trade
• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather
gold, silver
• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells
more goods than it buys
• Colonies provide raw materials that home
country uses to make goods
Continued . . .
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4
continued The
Growth of Mercantilism
Economic Revolution Changes
European Society
Image
• Economic changes spur growth
of towns, rise of merchant class
• Still, most people are poor and
live in rural areas
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