Transcript The American Journey: Early Years

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Section 3: Spain in America
Section 4: Exploring North America
Visual Summary
A Changing World
Essential Question What events and
technological advances paved the way for
European exploration?
Early Exploration
Essential Question Why did Spain and
Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia?
Spain in America
Essential Question How did Spain’s
conquests affect the economic and social
development of the Americas?
Exploring North America
Essential Question Why did European
nations establish colonies in North America?
What events and technological
advances paved the way for
European exploration?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• classical
• pilgrimage
• technology
• mosque
• astrolabe
• Quran
Academic Vocabulary
• acquire
• impose
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Crusades
• Marco Polo
• Renaissance
• Mansa Mūsā
Do you feel that studying classical or
modern works is more important?
A. Classical
B. Modern
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
New Ideas and Nations
The Renaissance began in the
Italian city-states and spread
throughout Europe.
New Ideas and Nations (cont.)
• The Crusades brought western Europe into
contact with the Middle East.
• European merchants knew they could make
a fortune selling goods from Asia, and their
interest grew after Marco Polo returned
from China.
• In the 1300s a period of intellectual and
artistic creativity—known as the
Renaissance— began.
A Young Explorer
New Ideas and Nations (cont.)
• Italian citizens studied the classical works of
Greece and Rome with renewed interest.
• During the Renaissance, the development of
nation-states in western Europe helped
expand trade and interest in overseas
exploration.
The French term “Renaissance”
translates into which word?
A. Greek
B. Learning
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Italian
B
C. Rebirth
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Technology’s Impact
Technology produced better means
of navigation and paved the way for
European voyages of exploration.
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
• Advances in technology paved the way for
European voyages of exploration.
• Several advances made a difference for
explorers:
– The printing press
– More accurate maps
Navigation Tools
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
– Instruments, such as the astrolabe
– Europeans also acquired the magnetic
compass
– Better ships
Navigation Tools
Who invented the compass?
A. The Italians
B. The Spanish
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. The British
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. The Chinese
African Kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were
among the most powerful empires in
Africa.
African Kingdoms (cont.)
• Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1100, a vast
trading empire called Ghana emerged in
West Africa and prospered from the taxes
imposed on trade.
• Mali’s greatest king, Mansa Mūsā, made a
grand pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca
and returned with an Arab architect who built
great mosques in Timbuktu.
African Trading Kingdoms
African Kingdoms (cont.)
• Led by Askìya Muhammad, the Songhai
people eventually captured Timbuktu,
introduced laws based on the Quran, and
developed a sophisticated plan for his
country’s government.
Muslim houses of worship are referred to
as which of the following?
A. Cathedrals
B. Temples
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Churches
B
C. Mosques
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Why did Spain and Portugal want to
find a sea route to Asia?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• saga
• strait
• line of
demarcation
• circumnavigate
Academic Vocabulary
• devote
• alter
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama
• Christopher Columbus
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Ferdinand Magellan
Do you feel that traveling to new
places is beneficial or fruitless?
A. Beneficial
B. Fruitless
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Seeking New Trade Routes
Portugal took the lead in finding a
sea route to India.
Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
• Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Henry
the Navigator, helped lay the groundwork
for the era of exploration that was beginning.
• In 1487 King John sent Bartholomeu Dias
to explore the southernmost part of Africa
and from there to sail northeast into the
Indian Ocean.
Early Portuguese Exploration
Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
• Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese
explorer to reach India.
• Events moved quickly after da Gama’s
return home, and soon the Portuguese
capital of Lisbon was the marketplace of
Europe.
The Caravel
Which of the following explorers
claimed part of Brazil for Portugal?
A. Vasco da Gama
B. Pedro Álvares Cabral
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Christopher Columbus
B
C. Bartholomeu Dias
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
After Christopher Columbus
reached the Americas, Spain and
Portugal divided the world’s
unexplored regions.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
• According to Norse sagas, a Viking named
Leif Eriksson explored what historians
believe was North America about the year
A.D. 1,000.
• Christopher Columbus planned to reach
Asia by sailing west, but underestimated the
size of the world.
The Vikings
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
• For most of the 1400s, Spanish monarchs
devoted their energy to driving the Muslims
out of Spain. After the last Muslim kingdom
fell, Queen Isabella was finally able to
support Columbus’s expedition.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
• Columbus reached part of the group of
islands now called the Bahamas, but
believed he had reached the East Indies.
– To convince the crew that they had not
traveled too far from home, Columbus
altered the distances in the ship’s log.
European Voyages of Exploration
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
• In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew a line of
demarcation in order to divide land between
Spain and Portugal.
• In 1502 Amerigo Vespucci concluded that
South America was a continent, not part of
Asia.
European Voyages of Exploration
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
• In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan sailed through
the waters of a strait and into the Pacific
Ocean.
• Although Magellan later died, his crew
continued west and became the first known
people to circumnavigate the world.
European Voyages of Exploration
Who had already sailed to North America
several centuries before Columbus?
A. The Chinese
B. The Portuguese
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. The Romans
B
C. The Vikings
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did Spain’s conquests affect the
economic and social development of
the Americas?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• conquistador
• encomienda
• pueblo
• plantation
• mission
Academic Vocabulary
• grant
• found
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Hernán Cortés
• Montezuma
• Francisco Pizarro
• Atahualpa
• Hernando de Soto
Do you agree that European explorers had
the right to disrupt other civilizations?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Strongly disagree
B
C. Disagree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Explorers and Conquests
Spanish explorers conquered Native
American empires and found new
lands.
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
• Explorers known as conquistadors
received grants from Spanish rulers to
explore and establish settlements in the
Americas.
• Hernán Cortés landed on the east coast of
present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered
the Aztecs and their emperor Montezuma
in 1521.
Spanish Explorers
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
• In 1532 Francisco Pizarro captured the
Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and destroyed much
of the Inca army.
• Juan Ponce de Leon made the first Spanish
landing and settlement on the North
American mainland, arriving on the east
coast of present-day Florida in 1513.
Spanish Explorers
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
• Inspired by stories about seven cities of
gold, Hernando de Soto led a failed
expedition throughout the present-day
southeastern United States.
Spanish Explorers
Which explorer searched for the Fountain
of Youth in Florida?
A. Juan Ponce de Leon
0%
D
C
D. Francisco Vasquez
de Coronado
B
C. Hernando de Soto
A. A
B. B
C.0% C 0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Álvar Núñez Cabeza
de Vaca
Spanish Rule
As the Spanish settled their colonies
in the Americas, a strict social class
structure formed.
Spanish Rule (cont.)
• Spanish law called for three kinds of
settlements in the Americas:
– Pueblos
– Missions
– Presidios
Spanish Rule (cont.)
• In 1598 Juan de Oñate founded the
province of New Mexico and introduced
cattle and horses to the Pueblo people there.
• In the 1500s, the Spanish government
granted conquistadors who settled in the
Americas an encomienda. This system
turned the Native Americans into slaves.
Spanish Rule (cont.)
• To raise crops for export, the Spanish
developed the plantation system, and by
the late 1500s plantation slave labor was an
essential part of the economy of the
colonies.
Which class owned the land, served
in the Catholic Church, and ran the
local government?
A. Peninsulares
0%
D
0%
A
D. Native Americans
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Mestizos
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Creoles
Why did European nations establish
colonies in North America?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• mercantilism
• Northwest Passage
• Columbian
Exchange
• coureur de bois
Academic Vocabulary
• globe
• chart
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Martin Luther
• Protestant Reformation
• John Calvin
• John Cabot
• Jacques Cartier
• Henry Hudson
Do you agree that people today are
accepting of other people’s religions?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Strongly disagree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Disagree
A Divided Church
Protestantism became a powerful
religious force in Europe during the
1600s.
A Divided Church (cont.)
• In 1517 Martin Luther, a German priest,
protested against the Catholic church,
starting a great religious and historical
movement known as the Protestant
Reformation.
• John Calvin, a French religious thinker, also
broke away from the Catholic church.
A Divided Church (cont.)
• King Henry VIII left the Catholic church and
became the head of the new Church of
England.
• The religious divisions between Catholics
and Protestants in Europe also influenced
life in North America.
Which reason contributed to King Henry VIII
leaving the Catholic Church?
A. The Pope would not declare
his first marriage invalid.
D.
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
0%
B
0%
A
C.
A.
The Pope would not allow him
B.
to impose the death penalty.
C.
The Pope would not make him a saint.
D.
C
B. The Pope would not allow him
to marry multiple wives.
Economic Rivalry
European nations competed to
establish colonies in the Americas.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
• In addition to religion, the promise of great
wealth was also a factor that pushed
European nations across the Atlantic Ocean.
• According to the economic theory of
mercantilism, a nation’s power was based
on its wealth.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
• The voyages of Columbus and other
European explorers brought together two
parts of the globe that previously had no
contact: Europe, Asia, and Africa in one
hemisphere and the Americas in the other.
• Scholars refer to the exchange of plants,
animals, and diseases between these
continents as the Columbian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
• England, France, and the Netherlands sent
explorers to chart the coast of North
America and, later, establish trade and
colonies.
• They also hoped to find a Northwest
Passage—a direct water route through the
Americas—to Asia.
• John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, Giovanni da
Verrazano, and Henry Hudson all searched
for the Northwest Passage.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
• The French saw North America as an
opportunity to make profits from fishing and
fur trading rather than a place to settle.
• French trappers were called coureurs de
bois, or “runners of the woods.”
• In 1621 the Dutch West India Company set
up a North American colony—New
Netherland.
Which of the Europeans bought
present-day New York City from the
Manhates people for about $24?
A. British
0%
D
0%
A
D. Dutch
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Spanish
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. French
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classical
relating to ancient Greece and Rome
technology
the use of science in commerce and
industry
astrolabe
an instrument used by sailors to
observe positions of stars
pilgrimage
a journey to a holy place
mosque
a Muslim house of worship
Quran
the book composed of sacred writings
accepted by Muslims as revelations
made to Muhammad by Allah through
the angel Gabriel
acquire
to come to have as a new or added
characteristic, trait, or ability
impose
to establish or imply by authority
saga
a long detailed story
line of demarcation
an imaginary line running down the
middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the
North Pole to the South Pole dividing
the Americas between Spain and
Portugal
strait
a narrow passageway connecting two
larger bodies of water
circumnavigate
to sail around the world
devote
to commit by a solemn act
alter
to change
conquistador
Spanish explorer in the Americas in
the 1500s
pueblo
home or community of homes built by
Native Americans
mission
religious settlement
encomienda
system of rewarding conquistadors
with tracts of land and the right to tax
and demand labor from Native
Americans who lived on the land
plantation
a large estate run by an owner
or manager and farmed by laborers
who lived there
grant
special privilege or authority
found
establish or set up
mercantilism
the theory that a state’s or nation’s
power depended on its wealth
Columbian Exchange
exchange of goods, ideas, and
people between Europe and the
Americas
Northwest Passage
water route to Asia through North
America sought by European
explorers
coureur de bois
French trapper living among Native
Americans
globe
the planet Earth
chart
to map
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