Transcript From Smoke Signals to the Internet: The History of

Beyond Third Generation Cellular
Networks: The Integration of
Internet and Telephony
Technology
Microsoft Research, 4 December 1998
Randy H. Katz
United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished Professor
and Chair, EECS Department
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
[email protected]
http://www.cs.Berkeley.edu/~randy
1
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Internet-scale Systems Research Group
• Summary and Conclusions
2
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Internet-Scale Systems Research Group
• Summary and Conclusions
3
Technology Trends & Predications
• Fastest growing segments of telecomms:
(i) mobile telephony & (ii) Internet/www
• (i) + (ii) = mobile access to information
• Full digitization of the phone network, driven
by digital mobile networks, with a shift
towards universal IP-based core network
• Voice over IP is happening rapidly
• Data will be the network traffic majority,
voice (& video) the minority
• Fastest growing applications will be web-based
transactions, not voice & not videoconferencing
4
Mobile Telephone & Internet Users
Millions
Mobile Telephone
Users
600
500
Internet Users
400
300
200
100
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
5
Hong Kong on the Move
Millions of
Telephone Lines
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Fixed
Mobile
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Pyramid Research in The Economist, 31 Oct 98
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Shift Toward Digital Mobile
Access Network
Millions of
Subscribers
600
500
400
300
Digital
200
100
Provides
a ubiquitous
infrastructure
for wireless
data as well
as voice
Analog
Year
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
7
Shift to Broadband Access
Forecast American Households
with Internet Connections (millions)
35
30
25
20
Broadband
Narrowband
15
10
5
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: Forrester Research in The Economist, 7 Nov 98 8
Core Network Becoming
Data-Centered
• The dramatic rise of the Internet and
the World Wide Web: >50% of telecomm
traffic in Bay Area is already data
• Conventional circuit-switched PSTN
infrastructure brought to its knees
• IP Dialtone
– Single network for wireless access, Internet
access, and voice access
– E.g., Sprint ION: Integrated On-Demand
Network, MCI/WorldCom’s On-Net, Qwest
Communications, etc.
9
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions
10
Internet Technology
• Strengths
– Intelligence at the end
points; No state in the
network;
– Highly decentralized control
– Enables operation over very
heterogeneous collection of
access technologies; few
assumptions about the
network necessary
– Achieves robust
communications through
packet switching & storeand-forward routing
– Depends on cooperative
forwarding of packets
• Weaknesses
– No differentiated service
– No control mechanisms for
managing bottleneck links
– Store-and-forward routing
introduces variable delay in
end-to-end performance
– Decentralized control makes
introduction of new
protocols/functions difficult
since all end nodes must be
upgraded
– Lack of truly trusted
infrastructure leads to
security problems
11
PSTN Technology
• Strengths
– Requires no end-point
intelligence; supports
heterogeneous end
devices
– Provides excellent
performance for voice
– End-to-end performance
guarantees achieved
through well-defined
signaling layer to switching
function
– True utility functionality
through sophisticated and
hierarchically arranged
switches controlled by
service providers
• Weaknesses
– Achieves performance by
overallocating resources
– 3.4 KHz audio voice band
signal converted to 64
kbps digital
representation
– Switching design
determined by statistics
of call traffic
– Difficult to add new
services to the so-called
“Intelligent Network” due
to complex feature
interaction
– Expensive approach to
robustness
12
ATM: The Grand Convergence?
• Strengths
– Virtual circuits with call
set-up to manage scarce
resources and achieve
QoS guarantees
– Fixed/small size “cells” to
enable fast switching
– Sophisticated statistical
multiplexing mechanisms
to make possible variety
of traffic models
– Integrated services
• Weaknesses
– Connection-orientation has
some problems with latency
and robust operation; every
cell must follow same path in
order
– ATM unlikely to be a
universal end-to-end
technology, especially for
data traffic in local area
– Quaranteed performance
end-to-end in heterogeneous
environments is lost
13
Next Generation Internet
• Support for multipointto-multipoint multicast
communications
• Support for mobility &
mobile route
optimization
• Reservation-based
resource allocation
– Performance promises
– Nice scaling properties
– Soft state in the network
allows robust recovery to
failure; protocol works
around link and switch
failures
• Software-based codecs
– 64 kbps/PCM coding vs. 36
kbps ADPCM, 17 kbps
GSM, 9 kbps LPC
– Adequate video at 28.8 to
128 kbps
• Real Time Protocol (RTP)
– Ends adapt audio/video
streaming rates to what
the network can support
• Easy integration of new
services like proxies
• Solve performance
problems by adding more
bandwidth
14
Internet Telephony
Analog Voice to
Packet Data
Local Call
Packet Data to
Analog Voice
Local Call
Internet
Gateway
Gateway
SF to Frankfurt via Internet Service: $0.28 per min
via AT&T Long Distance: $1.25 per min
Why so
Cheap?
Less expensive infrastructure
Circumvents government-backed monopolies
Existing long distance tariffs far exceed costs
Source: G-Cubed 15
WTO worldwide deregulation
Internet Telephony
• Quality Issues: High Latencies/Dropped Packets
– Deployment of (virtual) private networks
– Faster/scalable hardware reduces gateway latency
– RSVP + H.323 + Reconstruction of lost packets +
Better voice coding at 8 kbps
– VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol Forum
• Short term: circuit-switched local infrastructure
plus packet-switched wide-area infrastructure
– Wide-area b/w is a commodity, local access is not
– Many leading telecomms already doing this
• Longer term: migration towards “always on”
digital broadband data connections
16
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Internet-scale Systems Research Group
• Summary and Conclusions
17
Third Generation
Telecommunications Architectures
• FPLMTS/UMTS/IMT-2000
– “Universal multimedia information access with
mobility spanning residences, businesses, publicpedestrian, mobile/vehicular, national/global”
– Converged common air interface: wideband CDMA
• Beyond the Third Generation
– Convergence on a common core network
» GSM/BISDN/SS7-based vs. IP-based
– Action will be in architectures that support rapid
service deployment
» Telecomm-based “Intelligent Network” (IN, TMN, TINA)
vs.
Internet-based Client-Server (HTML, JAVA, mobile code)
18
One View of the Future
Satellite
Regional Area
Low-tier
High-tier
Local Area
Wide Area
High Mobility
Low Mobility
UC Berkeley BARWAN Project:
“Bay Area Research Wireless Access Network”
– Diverse Air Interfaces with Seamless Mobility
– Software Agents for Heterogeneity Management
– Universal IP-based Core Network
19
Smart Appliances/Thin Clients
PDA
PCS
Qualcomm PDQ Phone
20
• Top Gun Wingman
– “Thin” presentation layer in
PDA with full rendering
engine in wireline proxy
• Top Gun MediaBoard
– Participates as a reliable
multicast client via proxy
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in wireline network
Starting Point: Transcoding Proxies
Scalable Servers
Info. Appliances
Network Computers
Legacy Servers
Spoon feed web
pages to PDAs
Laptops, Desktops
Transformation, Aggregation, Caching, and Customization (TACC)
 Scalability and availability
 Limited customizability and locality and no persistence
22
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Internet-scale Systems Research Group
• Summary and Conclusions
23
The Future: Internet-based
Open Services Architecture
“Today, the telecommunications sector is beginning to reshape itself,
from a vertically to a horizontally structured industry. … [I]t used
to be that new capabilities were driven primarily by the carriers.
Now, they are beginning to be driven by the users. … There’s a
universe of people out there who have a much better idea than we
do of what key applications are, so why not give those folks the
opportunity to realize them. … The smarts have to be buried in the
‘middleware’ of the network, but that is going to change as morecapable user equipment is distributed throughout the network.
When it does, the economics of this industry may also change.”
George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore
“From POTS to PANS: Telecommunications in Transition”
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The Network Infrastructure of
the Future
• The Challenge
– Developing service intensive, network-based, real-time applications
– Securely embedding computational resources in the switching fabric
– Providing an open, extensible network environment: heterogeneity
• Computing
– Encapsulating legacy servers & partitioning “thin” client functionality
– Scalability: 100,000s of simultaneous users in the SF Bay Area
• High BW IP backbones + diverse access networks
– Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost characteristics
– Third generation cellular systems: UMTS/IMT2000
– Next gen WLANs (Bluetooth) & broadband access nets (DSL/cable)
• Diverse appliances beyond the handset or PC
– Communicator devices plus servers in the infrastructure
25
NINJA:
A Service
Architecture for
Internet-Scale
Systems
Cellular “Core” Network
ICEBERG: Internetbased core for
CEllular networks
BEyond the thiRd
Generation
26
Imagine ...
• You walk into a room
• Your PDA connects to the local
infrastructure and asks it to build
a custom GUI
• Next, your PDA asks the
infrastructure for a path out to
your personal information space,
where agents are processing your
e-mail, v-mail, faxes, and pages
You have complete, secure,
optimized access to local devices
and your private resources
27
NINJA Capabilities
• Plug and play wide-area software components
• Automatic discovery, composition, and use
• Powerful operators
– Clusters, databases, and agents
• Viable component economics
– Subscription, pay per use
• Supports diverse devices, sensors, actuators
• Connects everything
– Ubiquitous support for access and mobility
28
Structured Architecture
• Bases
–
–
–
–
–
highly available
persistent state (safe)
databases, agents
“home” base per user
service programming
environment
Wide-Area Path
• Active Proxies
–
–
–
–
not packet routers
soft-state
well-connected
localization (any to any)
• Units
–
–
–
–
sensors/actuators
PDAs/smartphones/PCs
heterogeneous
Minimal functionality: “Smart
Clients”
29
NINJA Operator, Connector, and
Path Model
Operators:
– transformation
– aggregation
– agents
Connectors:
–
–
–
–
abstract wires
ADUs
varying semantics
uni/multicast
Interfaces:
–
–
–
–
strongly typed
language independent
set of AM handlers
Leverage all COM
objects
30
iSpace Execution Environment
Service request
Managed RMI++
Persistent
Storage
iS-Loader
service threads
Trusted-Services
operator
upload
New
service
Security MGR
Physical
processor
Caches
Operators
JVM
• Parallel application framework on Bases
– NINJA RMI, Customizable Service VM (iS-Box),
Redirector
– JVM + Security Manager + Trusted Services to
provide sandboxed environment
– Multispace services across iS-Boxes
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ICEBERG Capabilities
• Cellular/IP Interworking
– IP network provisioning for scalability
– “Soft” QoS for delay-sensitive flows
– Multinetwork mobility and security support
• Telephony Service Architecture on NINJA
–
–
–
–
Computing resources among switching infrastructure
Computationally intensive services: e.g., voice-to-text
Service and server discovery
Security, authentication, and billing
32
Cellular/IP Interworking
• GSM BTS interfaced to IP core network
– Mapping IP signaling to SS7 radio management
– Call admission and handoff
• Mobility management interworking
– Mobile IP home agent/foreign agent + GSM
HLR/VLR
– Handoff between Mobile IP and GSM networks
– Scalability, security of Mobile IP
• Generalized redirection agents
– User- or service-specified dynamic policy-based
redirection
» 1-800 service, email to pagers, etc.
– Service mobility as a first class object
33
“Potentially Any Network” Service
PSTN
Mobile
Telephony
Voice
over IP
• On Mobile Phone, enter your office:
– Redirect in progress call to your desktop telephone via
PSTN OR to Voice over IP gateway
• Same service in different networks: handoff the
service between networks (service mobility)
34
Service Mobility as a
First-Class Object
“Randy@Berkeley”
Universal Names: Globally unique IDs
An Entity has a universal
name and a profile; Entities
are people or processes
OfficePSTN (Teaching): 510-642-8778
OfficePSTN (Chair): 510-642-0253
DeskIP: dreadnaught.cs.berkeley.edu:555
LaptopIP: polo.cs.berkeley.edu:555
PCS: 510-555-8778
Cellular: 510-555-1998
E-mail: [email protected]
Home: 415-555-5555
Profile: set of
domain-specific names
35
IDNP Servers
Iceberg Access Point
(One per network)
Policy Engine, Routing, Security
IAP
Call(Randy@Berkeley,
Caller’s network,
Interactive,
CallerID certificate)
IDNP
Server
Iceberg Domain
Name Policy Servers
Profile weeks/months
If IAPs can’t be
embedded in networks,
then resides in IP core
Policy days/weeks
System
State
minutes/hours
IDNP
Server
Stored in
Bases
36
Telephony Service Architecture
• Rapid Service Deployment
–
–
–
–
Packet voice for computer-telephony integration
Speech- and location-enabled applications
Complete interoperation of speech, text, fax/image
Mobility and generalized routing redirection
• New Services for Innovative Apps
– Encapsulating complex data transformation, e.g.,
speech-to-text, text-to-speech
– Composition of services, e.g., Voice mail-to-email,
email-to-voice mail
– Location-aware information services, e.g., traffic
reports
– Multicast-enabled information services
37
Transparent Information Access
Speech-to-Text
Speech-to-Voice Attached-Email
Call-to-Pager/Email Notification
Email-to-Speech
All compositions
of the above!
Universal In-box
Policy-based
Location-based
Activity-based
38
Implementing Applications via
Path Optimization
• Voice Control of A/V devices in a “Smart Room”
–
–
–
–
Multistage processing transformation
Strongly typed connectors
Automated path generation
Service discovery storage
Path
Audio
Microphone
Cell phone
ICSI
Speech
Recognizer
A/V
Devices
Text
Text to Cmd
Command
Room
Entity
Response
to Client
39
Experimental Testbed
Fax
IBM
WorkPad
Image/OCR
Text
Speech
MC-16
Ericsson
CF788
306 Soda
405 Soda
326 Soda “Colab”
WLAN
Motorola
Pagewriter 2000
Pager
GSM BTS
Network
Infrastructure
Millennium Cluster
Smart Spaces
Personal Information Management
Millennium Cluster
40
Experiment: PDA Bazaar
• Deploy/use pervasive computing
infrastructure in Soda Hall
• Provide NINJA iSpaces
• Build an initial community
(200 PalmPilotIII/Workpads)
• Watch and evaluate:
– Information broadcast channels
» Seminars, lecture content
» News/sports/stocks
– Shared information
» Calendars, room reservations
» Collaborative note-taking and
brainstornming
• Smart spaces and device control
41
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Internet-scale Systems Research Group
• Summary and Conclusions
42
Mission Statement
Lead the evolution of the Internet
through fundamental protocol and
systems research
– Grounded in real-world prototypes that are
deployed across diverse user communities
– Unify on-going and future research projects
– Facilitate technology transfer and
standardization
– Work closely with industrial partners in an
open laboratory environment
43
Research Focus
• Protocols
–
–
–
–
–
TCP enhancements
Link-layer protocols
Multicast
Real-time streaming
Web transport
• Security and ECommerce
• Infrastructure Services
–
–
–
–
–
Scalability
Availability
Pervasive Computing
Mobility
Proxies/Transcoders/
Network Agents
– Active Services
• Novel Applications and
Architectures
44
Project Synergies
BARWAN
Wireless Overlay Networks
Scalable Proxies
vic, vat,
wb
TranSend
TACC Model
Wireless Access
NINJA
Scalable, Secure Services
Computation in the Network
“Smart Spaces” as an app
Event-Response
Programmable Access
RTPGateway
Service Discovery
MASH
Collaboration Applications
Active Services
MASH Toolkit
Active Services
Model
NOW/Millennium
Computing Platform
45
Emerging Distributed System
Architecture Spanning
Processing and Access
Personal Information Management and “Smart Spaces”
Distributed
Videoconferencing &
Room-scale
Collaboration
Speech and Location
Aware Applications
ICEBERG
Computer-Telephony Services
MASH Media Processing Services
Active Services Architecture
TranSend Extensible
Proxy Services
Distributed Computing Services: NINJA
Computing and Communications Platform: Millennium
Brewer, Culler, Joseph, Katz, McCanne
46
Participating Sponsors
Service
Companies
Computer
Companies
Telecomm
Equipment
Companies
47
Presentation Outline
• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications
Architectures (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions
48
Summary and Conclusions
• Common network core: optimized for data,
based on IP, enabling packetized voice,
supporting user/terminal/service mobility
• Major challenge: open, composable services
architecture--the wide-area “operating
system” of the 21st Century
• Beyond the desktop PC: information appliances
supported by infrastructure services
• Our approach: NINJA Platform
–
–
–
–
Infrastructure: Units, Active Proxies, Bases
Services: Operators, Typed Connectors, Paths
IVR applications/speech recognition as a service
Next application: Universal In-Box
49