Transcript TEST SIX NOTES

TEST SIX NOTES
World History Standard 9
The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and
Reformation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rZ3AFZXXXk&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJMqyv4
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FRI 10/18/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What were the causes of the Reformation
and how did it affect Europe?
1500 northern humanists
Church had lost sight spiritual
mission. moral leadership
pope - becoming a political
leader - warrior.
Church more interested
income
members salvation.
Church emphasis on personal
faith and spirituality.
religious revolution, split the
Church in Western Europe,
the Reformation. first break
church in Rome -Germany.
Germany did not - strong central
government,
they were unable to resist
demands for money made by
the pope.
government too weak to
control independent ideas about
religion.
1514 Pope Leo X - rebuild St
Peters Church in Rome.
Germany great place to raise
the money project. A monk Johann Tetzel was put in
charge of raising the funds from
Germany.
Tetzel - fund-raising
buy indulgences. An
indulgence was a pardon given
in return for repentance.
It supposedly guaranteed
sinners that they could reduce
the time their souls spent in
punishment in purgatory.
Indulgences- originally a
reward for exceptionally good
deeds- Crusades.
1500 - simply being sold and
had - means to raise money.
This misuse appalled the
northern humanists.
Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was born in
1483. son of a miner
Luther gave up studying to be
a lawyer and went into the
monastery.
But he did not find any comfort
from the church’s methods of
overcoming sin. He did all of
the things the Church said to
do, but nothing relived him of
his worried feelings.
Luther believed that the only
thing that mattered was an inner
faith in God. This belief became
the heart of the new beliefs he
developed, and these beliefs
became known as
Lutheranism.
it was a crime for people to be
asked - pay for false promises
of forgiveness. In 1517 Luther
denounced Tetzel, and soon the
news spread all over Europe.
Luther did not want to break
from the Church, but he
criticized Tetzel by posting, on
the local church door, 95
theses, or statements about
indulgences.
thought Church leaders would
read his statements and debate
them, but instead they accused
him of challenging Church
practices and denounced him.
Luther took advantage of the
new technology - a printing
press to spread his ideas. He
wrote three books in 1520 that
outlined his beliefs.
That same year the Church
declared him a heretic – an
unbeliever – and he was
excommunicated. In 1521 the
Holy Roman Emperor
summoned Luther to a special
meeting of the empire, called a
Diet, at the city of Worms.
Mon
3/25/13
EQ - How did European
expansion impact Russia?
A few years later the prince who
supported Luther protested the
emperor’s treatment of Luther.
Because of this protest, the
followers of Luther became
known as Protestants.
Luther continued to spread his
beliefs. He translated the
bible into German so that all
Germans could read the bible
on their own.
Some Protestant ideas filtered
into England by the 1530’s. The
English also had a tradition of
resistance to the popes that
went back to John Wycliffe in
the 1300’s.
Wycliffe translated the Bible
into English in 1382.
England’s final break with the
Catholic Church was the work of
the King of England, Henry VIII
(1509-1547).
Henry - no son to succeed him.
He decided to divorce her and
remarry. Divorce was forbidden
in the Catholic Church, but
exceptions could be granted by
the pope.
But the pope refused to give Henry
his divorce, so Henry took England
out of the church in the 1530’s and
decreed his own divorce. He
eventually married 6 times and
finally got his male heir.
When England left the Catholic
Church England became
protestant and created the
Anglican Church.
Russia
After more than two centuries of
Mongol rule, Russia became
independent in 1480. By this time
the rulers of Moscow had become
the most important in Russia, and
they continued to expand their
territory by conquests, marriages
and alliances.
Even though it was a part of
Western Europe, many things
separated it from the rest of
Western Europe. First there were
the years of Asian influence. 2nd
there was the fact that even as a
Christian nation, Russia was
different from the nations of
Western Europe.
The Russians had converted to
Christianity by missionaries from
Constantinople so Russia’s religion
was Eastern Orthodox not Roman
Catholic or Protestant.
3. Russia’s use of the Cyrillic
alphabet proved to be a barrier
also. 4. But it was geography that
did the most to isolate Russia from
the rest of Western Europe. In a
period when people and goods
moved mostly by sea, Russia was
almost entirely land-locked.
It was blocked from the Baltic
Sea by Sweden and Poland. To
the south the Ottoman Turks
held the north shore of the
Black Sea, and the city of
Constantinople.
Russia’s rivers did not run
toward useful oceans. Some
flowed toward the Arctic, but its
frozen shores were not of any
use. Russia’s rulers realized
their situation and decided they
had to gain some outlet to a
port.
Ivan III ruled Russia 1462 –
1505 - took over now
northwestern Russia
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) ruled
1533-1584, first Russian ruler to
be known as czar – the Russian
form of Caesar.
expanded Russia eastward
toward Siberia
began a type of feudalism in
Russia by granting land to a
class of landlords. He gained
their loyalty by prohibiting the
free movement of peasants.
In 1613 Michael Romanov
became czar. He was the first
of the Romanov Dynasty
ruled Russia
over 300 years.
Answer Questions 3, 4, 5
pages 559, 565, 570, 575,
595, 611, 617
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=-fadCAHjN-s
Tue 3/26/13
EQ - How did European
expansion impact Russia?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=gWlqQb8GJoI
The Romanov’s put down the
Cossack revolt (a people of
southern Russia). They
established Russia’s central
government, and they made the
peasants more like serfs.
1682 (10) Peter the Great or Peter
I ruler of Russia. (Sophia &
Golitsin) 1689 (17) should make
contact with European nations
wanted access to a
warm water port.
the Black Sea, but this area
belonged to the Ottoman Empire.
needed help from Western
Europe In 1697 Peter sent a
delegation to Western Europe
to create an alliance against the
Turks. Peter went along with
the delegation, but disguised
himself as a private citizen.
visited England, the Dutch
Netherlands, Prussia and
Austria. talked with scientists
and artisans. Netherlands
worked with a carpenter in a
shipyard learn how ships were
made. visited schools,
factories, hospitals and arsenals
returned to Russia he
reorganized his army to
resemble the French army.
equipped with the best
weapons. He then decided to
try to obtain warm water ports
near the Baltic Sea.
equipped it with the best
weapons. decided to try to
obtain warm water ports near
the Baltic Sea. Sweden
controlled much of this area
war that lasted 21 years,
Russia gained the territory.
at the northeastern end of the
Baltic Sea at the Gulf of
Finland and it was here that
Peter built “a window to
Europe”. A new city to be his
capital. It was called St
Petersburg.
resembled the Western
European cities
began his shipbuilding industry
and navy.
Russian people more
European. taught European
dances and forced the nobles to
wear European style clothing.
cut off their long beards.
He created taxes to pay for his
new government.
he followed Louis XIV of
France’s ideas.
Peter died 1725
number of weak monarchs
ruled Russia Until Catherine II
or Catherine the Great took
over. German princess who
married the heir to the Russian
throne.
husband ruled for only 6
months. 1762 died
mysteriously. czarina Catherine
ruled until 1796. Catherine
continued wishes of Peter
extended Russian contact with
Europe. warm water ports.
fight a war with the Ottoman
Turks and Russia gained
access to the Sea of Azov and
the Black Sea
made Russia the protector of
the Eastern Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman
Empire. In the west she took
advantage of a declining Poland
and took land that had been
Poland’s.
Wed 3/27/13
EQ: What were the three G’s
that encouraged European
Exploration?
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
main goal of the first European
explorers get to Asia to acquire
spices, silks and jewels. These
were valuable trading items. A
ship filled with spices was a
hundred times more expensive
than a ship filled with timber or
grain.
Spices, silks and jewels were
produced mainly in India, China
and the islands of East and
southeastern Asia. But the
Europeans needed advanced
technology to compete with the
Arab traders already trading in
these areas.
Map Making – had improved
during the Renaissance. One
ancient writer was Ptolemy. His
maps showed the world was round.
They also gave information about
Africa and Asia. Italian sailors
were soon preparing even more
accurate charts of coastlines.
Navigation Instruments –
these helped make it possible
for ships to sail far out to sea
instead of having to stay close
to the coastline. The
development of the compass
made long sea voyages
possible.
Another important instrument
was the astrolabe. It was used
to determine the relative height
of stars and planets. With this
information they could calculate
a ships latitude – distance north
and south of the equator.
New Ships – improvements
were essential for long-range
exploration. Improvements
were made in the shapes of
sails, and in the rudder.
The cannon – ship-board
cannons and the handguns
sailors carried helped the
Europeans defeat the vastly
larger navies of their enemies.
REASONS FOR COLONIZATION
– EXPLORATION
The political and economic
changes that led to oversees
expansion also contributed to a
new economic theory called
Mercantilism.
Obtaining gold and silver from
mines at home or from colonies
was one way to get richer.
Trade was another way to
obtain them. In trade a country
wanted to sell more goods to
foreign countries than it bought,
thus creating a favorable
balance of trade.
Countries put tariffs or import
taxes on foreign goods.
Colonies that produced gold or
silver were very desirable. The
next best were the colonies that
produced raw materials that
could not be produced in the
home country.
North America was loaded with
naval stores – things like
timber for masts, tar, and rosin,
turpentine which the English
had to buy from Sweden or
Russia.
Many governments passed laws
prohibiting colonies from buying
certain products from another
country.
Probably the most important
reason for the need to colonize
or explore was a social change.
European populations were
increasing.
Farmlands had become
overcrowded, and peasants left
their villages in search of jobs
and opportunities. One good
prospect for work seemed to be
life at sea. Sailors were paid,
fed, and given a place to sleep.
Colonies offered settlers various
attractions.
The promise of anew life, the
hope to own land attracted
thousands. Others went to the
colonies hoping for quick riches.
The discovery of gold, jewels,
could make a quick profit.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8waBR2Hpsgk
Mon 4/8/13
EQ: How did the European
explorers change the world?
Tales of fabulous cities like El
Dorado in South America were
enough to persuade people to
make this gamble. And others
went oversees because of
persecution or political
problems at home.
Explorers sailing from Portugal
and Spain were the first. They
made discoveries throughout
the world.
The small country of Portugal was
one of the first to become seriously
interested in exploration. This was
due mainly to Prince Henry.
nicknamed Henry the Navigator.
He had 4 main goals for Portugal:
1. Wanted to acquire new lands
and peoples for Christianity by a
crusade in Africa.
2. Help Prester John, a legendary
Christian King who Prince Henry
thought lived in Africa.
3. He wanted to acquire a share
of the African slave trade that
the Muslims controlled.
4. He wanted to start trading
with Asia.
Soon his sea captains began a
series of explorations westward
into the Atlantic and southward
to Africa.
They slowly moved their way
south along the African coast,
each ship going just a little
farther than the next. They
claimed for Portugal a number
of islands and they began to
trade in slaves, gold and ivory.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ionLEykOaTQ
In 1488 Bartholomew Dias sailed
around the Cape of Good Hope, at
the southern tip of Africa. 3 G’s
In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed
around Africa and across the Indian
Ocean and returned with riches
from Asia.
This discovery made it possible for
Portuguese traders to bring
goods directly to Europe
cheaper than dealing with the
Arab traders.
Spain also had an interest in
exploring. Its rulers, Ferdinand
and Isabella, decided to
finance a voyage by
Christopher Columbus.
Columbus was an Italian
navigator.
He believed the world was
much smaller than it actually is,
and so he thought he could
reach India quickly and easily
by sailing west. In August of
1492, he left Spain with three
ships and crossed the Atlantic.
In October they landed on the
island of San Salvador (near
Cuba). Columbus thought he
had found an island off the
coast of India and so called the
people he met there Indians.
As a result these islands will later
be called the West Indies. In the
spring of 1493 Columbus returned
to Spain to report his discoveries.
He made 3 more voyages between
1493 and 1504, and he died
believing he had found lands there
were near or a part of Asia.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4p-bWA1FOqs
Create an A-Z Project for Chapter
One. Find something from the
chapter that starts with each letter
of the alphabet and
describe/explain/define it.
A = Adam Smith – Law of Supply &
Demand.
N = Nobility – Wilhelm I crowned
Kaiser of Germany.
Tuesday 4/9/13
EQ: How vast was the
Portuguese overseas empire?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Kmwriy3a6sc
Dividing the New Lands
Spain and Portugal each claimed
many new lands. Much of the
time they claimed the same lands.
Their dispute went to the pope to
settle it. In 1493 he drew what
came to be known as the line of
demarcation.
He drew a line down the middle
of the Atlantic Ocean from the
north pole to the South pole.
Spain was given all the new
lands found west of that line.
Portugal was given all the
new lands east of that line.
Between 1497 and 1503
another Italian –
Amerigo Vespucci sailed for
Portuguese across the Atlantic.
He became convinced that the land
Columbus had discovered was not
a part of Asia, and he called it a
new world. After reading this, a
German geographer
(Martin Waldseemüller)
named the new land America after
Amerigo. (Americus) in Latin.
1513 a Spaniard named Vasco
Nunez de Balboa crossed the
Isthmus of Panama and looked
at the Pacific Ocean. He called
it the South Sea and claimed it
for Spain.
In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan
(and his crew of 270) sailed 5
ships from Spain westward
across the Atlantic to South
America. They sailed along its
eastern shore and reached its
southernmost tip.
They claimed this water body
and it was later named the Strait
of Magellan. Now they were in
the great ocean. Magellan
named it the Pacific ocean
because at the time it was very
calm.
Magellan sailed west across the
Pacific and reached the Philippine
Islands, which he claimed for
Spain. In 1521 he was killed in a
fight with some natives. His
surviving crew members sailed on
in only one ship, the Victoria, and
18 of them returned to Spain in
1522.
The Portuguese were the first
Europeans to establish an
oversea empire. You already
know they acquired the Azores
Islands in the Atlantic. Next they
went to the western coast of
Africa and settled what is today
Angola, Mozambique, and
Zanzibar.
In 1510 the Portuguese
conquered parts of India and
then took the SE Asian
islands called Malacca and
Moluccas. The Europeans
called them the Spice Islands
because they were rich with
cloves, nutmeg, and other
spices.
From the Spice Islands they
were able to move toward
China. They first went to
China in 1514. The Chinese
called the Portuguese the
“ocean devils”.
The Chinese will try to prevent
the Portuguese from settling in
China, but eventually they will
build a fort in the city of Macao.
The Portuguese will also
reach Japan as early as 1542.
The island of
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Brazil
will be Portuguese colonies.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=XLAgnamnYk0&feature=relat
ed
Page 572
15 things brought from Europe
15 things taken from colonies to
Europe
Pick one item – how did it
change European life?