Transcript Chapter 20

Chapter 19
Section 1
“Europeans Explore the East”
For “God, Glory, and Gold”
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Europeans Seek New Trade Routes
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Main reason for exploration is to gain
wealth
Contact during Crusades spurs demand for
Asian goods
Muslims and Italians control trade from
East to West
Other European nations want to bypass
these powers
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The Spread of Christianity
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The desire to spread the religion motivates
Europeans to explore
Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias
wants to serve God and king
Technology Makes
Exploration Possible
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In 1400s
the caravel
makes it
possible to
sail against
wind
Technology Makes Exploration
Possible
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Astrolabe makes
navigation easier
Used to determine
altitude of stars
Magnetic compass
improves tracking
of direction
Portugal Leads the Way
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The Portuguese
Explore Africa
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Prince Henry
supports exploration
In 1419, he founds
navigation school on
coast of Portugal
By 1460, there are
trading posts along
west coast of Africa
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Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia
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1488 – Bartolomeu Dias sails around the
southern tip of Africa
1498 – Vasco da Gama sails to India
1499 – da Gama returns to Portugal with
valuable cargo
Spain Also Makes Claims
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A Rival Power
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Columbus sails for
Spain
Reaches the
Americas instead of
Asia
Opens Americas to
exploration and
colonization
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1493 – Pope decides
to divide these lands
between Spain and
Portugal with an
imaginary line
through the Atlantic
Ocean
1494 – agreement
formalized by the
Treaty of Tordesillas
Trading Empires in the
Indian Ocean
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Portugal’s Trading Empire
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1509 – Portugal defeats Muslims, takes
over Indian Ocean trade
1510 – Portugal captures Goa, port city in
western India
1511 – Portugal seizes Malacca, in Malay
Peninsula
These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on
Asian trade
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Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese
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English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in the
17th century
Dutch have more ships than any other nation in
1600
Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of
Asian trade
Dutch then overpower English
Form Dutch East India Company for Asian Trade
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European Trade Outposts
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1619 – Dutch set up trade headquarters at
Batavia, on Java
Throughout 1600s, Dutch trade grows
Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city
Dutch also control southern tip of Africa
England’s East India Company gains strength in
India
France also gains trade foothold in India
Chapter 20
Section 1
“Spain Builds an American
Empire”
The Voyages of Columbus
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First Encounters
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Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus
reaches America (1492)
Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives
“los indios” Indians
Actually lands on an island, probably in the
Bahamas
Unable to find gold, he claims many islands
for Spain
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Explorers Take to the
Seas
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1500-Pedro Alvares Cabral claims Brazil
for Portugal
1501-Amerigo Vespucci travels the
eastern coast of S. America in the name
of Portugal. (continent was named after
him)
1509-Ferdinand Magellan’s crew of
Portugal circumnavigates the globe.
Vespucci’s Voyages
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
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Conquistadors-(Spanish conquerors)
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1519-Hernando Cortes, Spanish explorer,
lands in Mexico
Cortes and 600 men reach Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan
1521-Aztec empire is conquered
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Europeans superior weaponry
Many native Aztec die from European disease
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Meeting of
Cortes and
Montezuma
Spanish Conquests in Peru
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1532-Francisco Pizarro leads forces into
Peru.
1533-Pizarro kills Inca leader Atahualpa
and conquers the Inca.
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
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Spanish men and Native women have
children
Result is large mestizo (mixed heritage)
Encomienda system-Spanish force
Native Americans to work for them
The Portuguese in Brazil
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The land did not have much gold or
silver
Portuguese settlers began clearing the
forest land for sugar plantations
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Great demand for sugar in Europe
Allowed Portuguese eventual wealth
Spain’s Influence Expands
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Growth of Spanish Power
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Conquests bring great wealth to Spain
Spain enlarges its navy to protect cargo
treasures
Conquistadors Push North
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1513-Ponce de Leon claims Florida for
Spain
1540-Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
explores Southwest, finding little gold
Catholic priests set up missions in
Southwest
Early 1600s, capital of Santa Fe
established in Pueblo region
Opposition to Spanish Rule
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Protests against mistreatment
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Catholic priests upset at how Native
Americans treated
Spoke out against harsh patterns of labor
African Slavery and Native
Resistance
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1542-Spain abolishes encomienda system
Need for workers in mines and farms met
with enslaved Africans
Some Native Americans resist Spanish
conquerors
1680-Pope leads rebellion against Spain in
modern day New Mexico
Spanish driven out, but return 12 yrs later
Chapter 20
Section 2
European Nations Settle
North America
Other European Claims in
North America
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French
English
Dutch
Explorers Establish
New France
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Samuel de
Champlain founds
Quebec
New France - French
colony in North
America
New France includes
Great Lakes and
Mississippi River
valley
A Trading Empire
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New France is
very large but
has few
inhabitants
Main activity of
the colony is the
fur trade
Beaver Pelts and More
The English Arrive in North
America
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The First English Colony
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King James permits investors to start North
American colony
1607 – colonists found Jamestown –
English settlement in Virginia
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The Settlement at
Jamestown
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Early years very
difficult
Many die, but
settlement takes
hold
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Puritans Create a “New England”
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Pilgrims – group persecuted for religion –
found Plymouth in 1620
Puritans – group seeking religious freedom
– settle in Massachusetts
Many families in Massachusetts colony,
which begins to grow
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The Dutch Found New Netherland
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1609 – Henry Hudson explores waterways
for Dutch
Dutch claim land, found New Netherland –
now Albany and New York City
Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers
from other lands
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Colonizing the Caribbean
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European nations also start colonies in
Caribbean
Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by
enslaved Africans
The Struggle for North
America
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The English Oust the Dutch
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New Netherland splits northern, southern
English colonies
1664 – English force Dutch colonists to
surrender control
1750 – about 1.2 million English settlers in
13 colonies
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England Battles France
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English settlers, pushing west, collide with
French possessions
French and Indian War – part of Seven
Years’ War – begins 1754
1763 – France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies
Native Americans Respond
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A Strained Relationship
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French and Dutch fur traders get along
well with Native Americans
English settlers and Native Americans
disagree over land, religion
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Settlers and Native Americans Battle
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Hostility often breaks out into war
Native American ruler Metacom launches
attacks on colonists in 1675
Natives Fall to Disease
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Wars are less deadly to Native Americans
than European diseases
Colonists use enslaved African to work in
place of Native Americans
Chapter 20
Section 3
“The Atlantic Slave Trade”
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming
of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
Slave Trade Timeline
Chapter 20
Section 4
“The Columbian Exchange and
Global Trade”
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOMATO
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Vanilla
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MAIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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SUGAR CANE
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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Wheat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.