Transcript AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES & THEIR …

AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES & THEIR
APPLICATION IN IFE
By Michael Childers
President & CEO
LightStream Communications Group
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“It is no longer the computer that
matters, no longer the telephone or
the TV that matters. Only two things
matter: the network and the
content.”
- Jon Goodman, Executive Director
EC2, The Annenberg Incubator Project
University of Southern California (USC)
January, 1999
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United Airlines Survey:
•
•
•
•
•
Video-on-demand (VOD)
Laptop power
Live TV
Internet services  6.9 on a scale of 10
Games
Internet… or “Internet-emulation”
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The WAEA-TC Internet WG has identified a
suite of technologies including:
• Client/Server Technology (including Intranets &
Extranets)
• Streaming Video
• Webcasting
• Broadband Networks
• Data-Capture, Data-Warehousing, Data-Mining
• SS7 Protocol
• MPEG-4 Encoding
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The Internet = the global information system that
is logically linked together by a globally unique
address space based on the Internet protocol (IP)
or its subsequent extensions and follow-ons; is
able to support communications using the
transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
(TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions and
follow-ons, or other IP-compatible protocols; and
provides, uses, or makes accessible, either
publicly or privately, high-level services layered
on the communications and related infrastructure
described herein.
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THE INTERNET
Phase 1:
• Pony Express  Packet Transmission
• Telegraph  Digital Electronic Transmission
• Telephone  Wire to End User
• Radio  Access to Multiple Servers
• Stored Program Computer  Machine Intelligence
Phase 2:
• Transistors & Solid State Devices
• Minicomputers
• Computer Time-Sharing
• Unix Operating System
• Packet-Switching Theory
• ARPANET
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Phase 3:
• Telnet was created for remote log-in
• File transfer protocol (FTP) was developed
• First international connections for
ARPANET
• Ethernet
• CSNET
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Phase 4:
• World Wide Web
• Encryption
• Intranets & Extranets
• HTTP
Phase 5:
• The Future
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Another Definition of the Internet
“… a series of private computer networks
connected to each other. Each individual
private network is composed of a series of
connected computers within an organization.
Each organization takes responsibility for only
the computers in its sphere of influence.”
- “Networking”
SAMS Publishing
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THE “NET” VS. THE “WEB”
The Internet: The fourth paradigm of universal electronic information
distribution. A network of computer networks that uses links from 3rd
parties (primarily the PSTN) to connect computers & computer
networks. Originated as a data network, connecting scientists,
educators, and the military.
World Wide Web: Connects the servers in the networks so as to create
hot links between networks, and provides a graphical user interface
(GUI) so as to utilize the data. Its primary applications relate to:
– e-mail
– file transfer
– Web-browsing
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The Emerging Global
Telecommunications Infrastructure
• Two enormous global backbones:
– PSTN - The public switched telephone network
– The Internet
• PSTN & The Internet are integrating, supplemented
by a proliferation of private networks
• The drivers:
– Deregulation in the U.S.
– Privatization & liberalization of telcom industry
internationally
– Rapid changes in technology
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The Emerging Global
Telecommunications Infrastructure
• Capable of delivering multimedia… voice,
video, data… with significant bandwidth
and security
• Business-to-business (B2B) capability is
nearer than consumer-to-business (C2B)…
IFEcommerce is almost here
• Capable of providing cassette-less delivery
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The Paradigms of Universal Electronic
Information Distribution
•
•
•
•
Telephone 
Radio 
Television 
Internet 
Integration into multimedia:
A network capable of
delivering voice, data &
video simultaneously. A
screen with full motion
video, audio, text &
graphics, with an
interactive interface.
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Characteristics of the Internet
• TCP/IP Network
• Supports the World Wide Web, world’s
largest client/server network
• Accessed via gateways and portals
It is extremely important that the same
TCP/IP protocols which underpin the public
Internet are also at the core of the future of
enterprise networking.
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The components of a network are:
• Backbone or links - The physical
connections of the network
• Nodes - The terminals that connect to the
backbone (PCs, phones, faxes)
• Protocols - The logical connections of the
network & the rules governing structure
• Applications - The business objectives of
network usage
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Client/Server Networks
• Server - a computer configured to support
multiple clients with shared access to
application programs
• Client - a computer run by individual users
entering data, creating reports, querying a
database from a server
• Network - the connection between the client
and server
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol):
• A suite of networking protocols capable of
interconnecting diverse computer platforms.
LANs & WANs:
• Network transmission facility for a network
confined to one location is a local area network
(LAN), and for multiple locations, a wide area
network (WAN)
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Internet - A network of networks using TCP/IP to
connect computer networks (LANs, WANs) around
the world.
World Wide Web - Graphical user interface (GUI)
providing hot links and access to Websites.
Comprised of servers that support HTTP.
HTTP - Hypertext transport protocol, a higher-level
application protocol used to transport HTML
HTML - Hypertext mark-up language that structures the
information that resides on the servers that make up
the Web
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Intranets & Extranets
Internet - A public data network subsidized
by government agencies in large part.
Intranet - A private TCP/IP client/server
network
Extranet - A collaborative TCP/IP network
linking a particular company with its
suppliers, customers and distributors.
Permits access to some of the intranet.
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The Difference Between the
Internet & PSTN
• PSTN was designed for voice; the Internet
for data
• PSTN is a circuit-switched network; the
Internet is packet-switched
• Ethernet & Token Ring versus PPP
• Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGPC)
• “Dynamic” bandwidth
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One-Lane Road vs. Multi-lane Highway
“A good analogy is that a traditional
phone line is like a one-car, one-lane
road, while a packet line is a multi-car,
multi-lane highway.”
- James Flanigan
The Los Angeles Times
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The PSTN Current Day
Infrastructure:
• 4 Khz from pole to house (“the last mile”)
• Remote Terminal to Central Office (CO):
T1, T3 or OC-3 (“local loop”)
• CO to CO: OC-48
• Cross-country: OC-48 and above
• Fiber of choice in 1999: OC-192
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T-Carrier Characteristics:
• T-carrier is copper.
• T1 runs with a Time Division Multiplexer (TDM) giving 24
channels per line.
• 4-8 separate conversations multiplexed on each channel; with
intelligent compression, 288 voice channels can go over T1
• “T-carrier” refers to T1, T3, T4, FT1 & FT3 (“F” refers to
“fractional”; T4 is not available to end-users)
• Telcoms have run T-carrier since the 1980’s
• TDM offers all of the benefits of digital transmission (improved
bandwidth utilization, enhanced error performance, improved
security, & upgradability)
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T1 is part of AT&T’s USA digital signaling
package and is based on the following:
• 24 channels of 64 Kbps
• 8 bit coding per voice sample for each of 24 channels with timing
pulse before each group
• 8000 samples per second
• 125 micro seconds per frame
• 1 frame:24 channels, 8 bits each, 1 bit for frame sync = 193 bits per
frame
• .4 - .6 ms to detect loss of sync
• 50 ms to correct & re-establish communications
• Net speed of 1.544 Mbps
“T” standards are North America only; E/J standards are used elsewhere.
T1 speed (N. America) = 1.544 Mbps; E1 speed (Europe) = 2.048
Mbps; J1 speed (Asia) = 1.544 Mbps.
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U.S.
Levels
T1
T2
T3
T4
Circuits**
24
96
672
4032
Speed (Mbps)
1.544
6.312
44.736
274.126
Levels
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
Circuits**
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128
512
2048
8192
Speed (Mbps)
2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
564.992
Europe
Japan
Levels
Circuits**
J1
24
J2
96
J3
512
J4
1536
J5
6144
* T4 is not sold to end users
** Number of 64 Kbps channels or DSOs
Speed (Mbps)
1.544
6.312
32.064
97.728
397.200
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A comparison of T-carrier and
OC-carrier:
# of 64
Digital
Kbps
Digital
Transmission Service Channels Transmission Transmission Service Transmission
Medium
Level
(DSO)
Rate
Medium
Level
Rate
FT1
DS-0
1
64 Kbps
OC-1
STS-1 51.840 Mbps
T1
DS-1
24
1.544 Mbps
OC-3
STS-3
155.220
Mbps
FT3
DS-1C
48
3.152 Mbps
OC-9
STS-9
466.560
Mbps
T3
DS-2
672
6.312 Mbps
OC-12
STS-12
622.080
Mbps
T4
DS-4
4032
274.176
OC-18
STS-18
933.120
Mbps
Mbps
OC-24
STS-24 1.244 Gbps
OC-36
STS-36 1.866 Gbps
OC-48*
STS-48 2.488 Gbps
OC-96
5 Gbps
OC-192**
10 Gbps
*1998 Backbone
** 1999 Backbone
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Bandwidth:
… the total frequency available on the carrier for
transmission of data measured in 3 network levels ---
• Narrowband - A single 64 Kbps channel or some
number of Kbps channels, but less than wideband.
• Wideband - Multichannel capacity between 1.544
Mbps and 45 Mbps under U.S. standards, 2.048
Mbps to 34 Mbps by European standards.
• Broadband - Multichannel capacity beyond 45
Mbps U.S., 34 Mbps by European standards.
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T1 = 24 Channels
T3 = 28 x 24 = 672
OC-192 = 192 x 672 = 128,984
separate connections
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Photonic Switching
… transmitting light as light
Multiplexing = compressing data to increase the number
of channels available for transmission.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) = dividing
fiber optic transmissions into separate wavelengths, each
one carrying different content (similar to the way radio
stations broadcast at different wavelengths without
interfering with one another).
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing = advanced
WDM in which the colors of the infrared spectrum
continue to be divided into more and more channels, and
amplified via erbium-doped fiber amplification.
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A Chronology of Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
1995: Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) sends
data at 20 gigabits per second using 8 colors & 2.5
Gbps laser pulses in each color
1996: WDM increases to 16 color bands, doubling
throughput
1997: 40 color bands are offered commercially with 10
Gbps lasers for single-fiber outputs of up to 400 Gbps
1998: 80 band systems are announced, to be installed in
1999
2000: 160-color fibers & terabit speeds are predicted
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A Plethora of Bandwidth
“So much additional capacity will be coming
onstream that some analysts wonder what the
world will do with it all. Not even the enormous
appetite of Internet traffic, which will surpass the
volume of voice calls any day now, will eat it all.
The looming glut heralds good tidings for every
company that has a phone line.”
- Robert Rosenberg, Insight Research
Business Week, December 7, 1998
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The Impact of Bandwidth on
Content Delivery
At speeds of 1 terabit per second, you can
transmit over 1 fiber half the thickness of a
human hair:
• All the world’s television channels at once,
or
• About a half-million movies at the same
time
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Fiber Optics
•
•
•
Fiber optics provides a container to move light pulses from point-to-point
– Light moves at 186,000 miles per second
– One-way traffic per fiber strand
– Fastest known signal carrier, handling giga-, tera-, & peta-bits per
second
– Conversion from electrical to optical to electrical signals (although not
necessary with photonic switching)
Fiber provides the basis for new networks & higher loads
– Multiple strands of fiber (2-4-8-16-32++)
– Light amplification & signal regeneration
– Long distance
– Multimedia
With dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) & erbium-doped
fiber amplification (EDFA), fiber provides almost unlimited bandwidth 33
Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN)
• A suite of services based on transmission, switching, and
signaling & control.
• An evolving architecture intended to be a bridge between
existing and future technologies:
– Analog  digital
– Copper  fiber
– Electrical  optical
– Narrowband  broadband
– Single function  multi-function
– Message control  network control
– Limited services  integrated services
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Deregulation
The U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996
… opens competition between layers & leads to the integration of
telecommunications systems.
Telecommunications companies offering integrated
communications systems & solutions, delivering multimedia…
voice, video & data… like the original phone service in its nature:
reliable, flexible, inexpensive, & secure.
Internationally…
British Telcom (BT) was privatized in 1984; telcom deregulation is
emerging in Japan. By the end of 1998, 80% of the world’s telcom
markets were scheduled to liberalize. European Union & WTO
directives will cover 90%+ of global telcom markets.
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The Open System
Interconnection (OSI) Model
Layer 1 - Physical Layer: Converts the data unit into an electrical or optical
signal for transmission over the network.
Layer 2 - Data Link Layer: Provides error detection/correction, & controls nodeto-node communications
Layer 3 - Network Layer: moves data units from one network to another, routing
data through intermediate networks if necessary.
Layer 4 - Transport Layer: Controls data from the origination host to the
destination host to ensure it is received in the same order
Layer 5 - Session Layer: Maintains a dialog with the destination host application
in a connection-oriented protocol
Layer 6 - Presentation Layer: Responsible for providing code & character set
translation (e.g., ASCII or EBCDIC) & is now used for compression and
encryption.
Layer 7 - Application Layer: Provides management functions to support
distributed applications.
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SONET/SDH & ATM
SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical
Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
•A set of international standards designed
for broadband communications over singlemode fiber optic systems
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
•A cell switched network that carries traffic
over virtual circuits
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Call Forwarding to the Airplane Seat
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
•The protocol used to set up & tear down phone calls.
•The SS7 network is a completely separate network
from the phone network used to transmit voice data.
•The SS7 network is the largest data communications
network in existence today.
Local Number Portability (LNP)
•As phone companies compete for local phone service
subscribers, phone numbers must be portable from one
service to another.
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WHAT IS MPEG-4?
• A form of compression
• Coding of Audio Visual Objects
• Next Generation Multimedia Communication
Standard
– New Video & Audio Coding Tools
– Merging of Natural & Synthetic Data e.g., computer
graphics & video
– Robust Bitstream Syntax
– Flexible Systems Layer for Interactivity
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THE PARTICIPANTS
• 300 Experts from 20 Countries
– From Industry and Academia
– Including:
• AT&T, Motorola, Sony, Matsushita, Toshiba,
Microsoft, Phillips, Rockwell, Ericsson, M.I.T.,
Scientific Atlanta, UC Berkeley, Sharp, General
Instrument, U of Rochester, France Telecom, &
others
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Standards Comparison
Entertainment  Communication
MPEG-1
11/92
MPEG-2
11/94
MPEG-4
1/99 Version 1
1/100 Version 2
H.263
5/96 Version 1
1/98 Version 2
Digital
Storage
Media
Broadcast/DV
D/ HDTV
Desktop/
Wireless
VideoConferencing
Typical Video
Bitrates
1.5 Mbps
4-6 Mbps
Web Authoring,
Multimedia
Compression,
Wireless
Videophone
20 Kbps –
6 Mbps
20-384 Kbps
128-384 Kbps
Typical Video Frame
Size
352x240
(SIF)
720x480 (Rec.
601)
Stereo CD
Quality
Surround
Sound
176x144 (QCIF)
352x288 (CIF)
720x480 (601)
Speech/Music/
Stereo
CD/Surround
Sound
176x144
(QCIF)
352x288 (CIF)
Speech
176x144
(QCIF)
352x288 (CIF)
Speech
Dates of
Standardization
Primary Applications
Typical Associated
Audio Quality
H.261
12/90 Version
1
5/94 Revised
Wireline
VideoConferencing
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Binary Information
Format for Scene (BIFS)
• Complete framework to build animated scenes
– 2D & 3D graphics primitives,
– audio, video & synthetic MPEG-4 objects
• Supports Interactive or Non-Interactive Streaming
Environment
– Simple object manipulation (repositioning, hiding,
changing attributes, etc.)
– General types of events (hyperlinking, triggers, etc.)
• Additional Interactivity via…
– Translating applications events into local scene
description updates
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THE TECHNOLOGY OF
STREAMING VIDEO
Microsoft Netshow Theater:
• A distributed system hosted on a collection of
standard servers running Windows NT
• Operates on ATM networks using classical IP over
ATM
• Has both Internet & intranet applications
• Utilizes MPEG-4
• A variable bitrate (VBR) adaptation layer handles
data traffic; a constant bitrate (CBR) adaptation
layer handles voice & video
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The Core Technologies
& Their Applications
Core Technologies:
• Fiber Optics
• Lasers
• Optical Data Storage
Applications Suite:
 Broadband Networks
 Broadband Networks
 Data-Capture, DataMining
• Digital Electronics
• Distributed Computing
 Streaming Video
 Client/Server
 Streaming Video
 SS7 Protocol
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Technology Trends
Convergence… of technologies such as video,
audio and data-processing into multimedia
Integration… of companies, industries, and
entities like the PSTN and Internet into the
GTI
Evolution… of protocols, which are in a state
of constant change, and of the technologies
themselves
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Tunable Lasers
“A new class of commercially available components (widely tunable semiconductor lasers) - provides the
means to both manage the back-up and inventorycontrol problem and to enable flexible future networks
where individual optical channels can be routed
through the network to meet changing customer
demand. These components which can switch
wavelengths in less than 20 nsec, eventually will
additionally be used to route not only optical channels,
but also individual data cells or packets, vastly
increasing the throughput of data networks and
switches…”
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Tunable Lasers and
Erbium-doped Fiber Tunable Laser Sources
“The key to this capacity is a semiconductor laser
that can be tuned by current injection into the
single chip to emit light at any wavelength in the
erbium-based band… This single component can
replace the multiple-wavelength lasers currently
used, first as a back-up and then as a direct
substitute.”
- LIGHTWAVE, December 1998
Core Technologies  Next Generation Technologies
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EDF-TLS’s
“Data-transmission systems are relying more and more
on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
technology. In fact, WDM has become dense-WDM
(generally meaning 200-GHz interchannel spacing)…
Although not a new technology, recent improvements
in fiber-optic components and a better understanding of
fiber lasers have allowed instrument manufacturers to
produce EDF-TLS’s (erbium-doped fiber tunable laser
source) with impressive performance specifications.”
- Michael Carlson, Scientific Product Manager
EXFO E.O. Engineering Inc.
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Characteristics of New Technologies
The future is:
• Digital vs. Analog
• Fiber vs. Copper
• Broadband vs.
Narrowband
• Interactive vs. Passive
• Asynchronous vs.
Synchronous
• Communications vs.
Information
• Open Systems vs.
Proprietary
• Network Control vs.
Message Control
• Integrated Services vs.
Limited Services
• Optical vs. Electrical
• Deregulation vs.
Regulation
• Data vs. Voice
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The Socio-Economics of
Internet Technologies
“The Internet is positioned to become
the primary framework for
communication, commerce and
information exchange for the next
decade.”
- International Engineering Consortium
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The Future of IFE
• Cassette-less electronic delivery
• Integrated entertainment, info,
communications & e-commerce
• Call-forwarding to the aircraft
• Increased capacity on the server
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The Future is Multimedia
“Meanwhile the traditional home telephone
will become a multimedia instrument,
communicating on the Internet and sending
and receiving a host of data, from medical
information to videos of relatives and
friends.”
- James Flanigan
Los Angeles Times, January 17, 1999
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Accessing the Benefits for IFE
“It is no longer the computer that matters,
no longer the telephone or the TV that
matters. Only two things matter: the
networks and the content.
- Jon Goodman, Executive Director
EC2, The Annenberg Incubator Project
University of Southern California (USC)
January 1999
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Wireless Applications in IFE
• Satellites - Perhaps we should refer to the
Satellite Technology WG the question of
linking the ground-based Internet to the IFE
system inflight.
• We then need to add non-satellite wireless
as an additional technology group.
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PROPOSAL: That the Internet WG become the
“Internet & Emerging Network Technologies WG”
reporting on:
• Client/Server Technology (including Intranets &
Extranets)
• Streaming Video
• Webcasting
• Broadband Networks
• Data-Capture, Data-Warehousing, Data-Mining
• SS7 Protocol
• MPEG-4 Encoding
• Wireless (except Satellite)
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“It is no longer the computer that matters,
no longer the telephone or the TV that
matters. Only two things matter: the
network and the content.”
- Jon Goodman, Executive Director
EC2, The Annenberg Incubator Project
University of Southern California (USC)
56
LightStream Communications Group
6767 Forest Lawn Drive, Suite 215
Hollywood, CA 90068-1057 USA
Telephone: 323.850.4020
Fax: 323.851.6307
e-mail: [email protected]
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