Transcript The West and the Changing World Balance

The West and the
Changing World Balance
C15
EQ: How did the balance of world power shift
from east (Middle East and Asia) to west
(Europe) by the end of the 1400s?
Themes: It’s a Hodgepodge Chapter!!!
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1400 – a shift in balance occurs between world
civilizations
The world-wide role of Islam was in decline
China made one last attempt to influence the
world before falling into isolation
Western Europe was become the dominant
world region (Italy, Spain and Portugal)
The Americas and Polynesia also experienced
significant changes
QUESTION
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What changes are taking place during this
time?
S
P
E
R
M
QUESTION
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What changes are taking place during this time?
S
scholarship
focuses on
religion
P
 Byzantium
and the Abbasid
dynasty were
gone…
1258 Mongols
take the
Abbasid
capital of
Baghdad
1453 Ottoman
Turks take
Constantinople,
capital of
Byzantium
E
Economic
power was in
decline…
agricultural
productivity
diminished as
feudalism found
its way into
Muslim society
R
Religious
leaders began
to dominate
artistic
endeavors…
most Islamic
thinkers (like
Averroes) had
to practice
beliefs outside
of the Islamic
heartland
(Greek
rationalism)
M
QUESTION

What changes are taking place during this time?
S
P
 Byzantium
E
European
and the Abbasid traders
dynasty were
overtook and
gone…
Byzantium
avoided Muslim
was crushed traders and tax
by the
revenues from
Ottomans,
the Abbasids trade declined
by the
(Mediterranean)
Mongols
R
Sufis still ran
around
emphasizing
mystical contact
with God
M
QUESTION

What changes are taking place during this time?
S
P
 Byzantium
E
Ottomans did
and the Abbasid not focus on
dynasty were
overland trade
gone…
Byzantium
(controlled by
was crushed Mongols);
by the
focused on
Ottomans,
the Abbasids conquering and
by the
expanding
Mongols
territory; their
empire solely
based on
agriculture
(leading to their
decline during
the industrial
revolution)
R
Sufis still ran
around
emphasizing
mystical contact
with God
M
QUESTION

What changes are taking place during this time?
S
P
 Byzantium
E
The
and the Abbasid Ottomans did,
dynasty were
however for a
gone…
Byzantium
short period,
was crushed along with the
by the
Safavids
Ottomans,
the Abbasids maintain an
by the
Indian Ocean
Mongols
trading network
that would
become the
basis for transoceanic trade in
the coming
centuries
R
Sufis still ran
around
emphasizing
mystical contact
with God
M
Chinese Thrust and Withdraw
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The Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty in
1368 and pushed to regain China’s previous
borders
The Ming (under the leadership of Hongwu)
reasserted themselves over their neighboring
states and began to “explore” surrounding areas
China had at this point what was perhaps the only
large scale system of product manufacture in the
world, producing such items as weapons,
gunpowder, silk clothes, ships and porcelain
Under the leadership of Yongle, the great navigator
Cheng Ho (Zheng He) sailed the south seas to
Africa, India, the Indies and possibly other areas
with the Ming Treasure fleets
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The Ming halted Zheng’s expeditions in 1433
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"1421: The Year China discovered the World"
Bureaucrats in the scholar gentry began to see
interaction as both costly and dangerous to China
China became isolated once again, as bureaucrats
claimed that since internal economic production
was dominant, there was no need for foreign trade
NOTE: We will hear all of this again in Chapter 22
Rise of the West
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Many small states in the West were still
backward in the 14th and 15th centuries…the
Catholic church was under attack…kings were
self-indulgent…population were growing too
fast and famines were widespread…so let’s
have a plague and kill them all off (Black
Death)…1/3 of the population was killed
Warfare was a dominant part of life for
Europeans
 100 Years War features England vs.
France, demonstrating a new NON-feudal
form of solicitation of warfare, draft and
pay your troops…this gave the central
monarchy greater authority
 Spain and Portugal spend better parts of
200+ years driving the Muslims off of
Iberia…this drive for freedom leads both
to seek a greater position in world trade
Mongols had brought an era of prosperity to
Europe as trade contact with the east
exploded…however, their decline put Europe
in a bind…as a result, the hunger for gold and
Eastern luxuries put a strain on the newly
emerging Western economy
The ultimate message was clear, find a way to
bypass the Muslims to trade with the east
Spain…“Nobody Expects the
Spanish Inquisition”
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Religious fervor in Spain
helped to drive out the
Muslims for good in the 15th
century
The kingdoms of Castile and
Aragon married in1469, and
the result was Ferdinand and
Isabella…they set forth a
clear agenda
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Persecute/expel the “heathens”
(Muslims, Jews) and purify their
kingdom into a Catholic state
Develop the military and begin
to expand Iberian control into
Europe
Explore the world, compete
with their rivals in Portugal for
dominance of sea trade
Rise of the West - Renaissance
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Internal change was critical to the western surge…the
Renaissance was just that, a cultural and political movement
grounded in urban vitality and expanding commerce
Begun in the 14th century, it started out as a literary and
artistic movement…art imitated life and was more friendly to
the secular world
Florence, Italy became the center of the movement, and
realistically, the Renaissance really made little headway out
of Italy to the rest of the world in its early stages…Italy
benefited solely from its developments of art, high culture,
goal of personal glory etc…but the rest of Europe would
soon take notice
Commercial states sought new markets and city states
emerge as trading states (Venice, Hanseatic League)
NOTE: This will also be discussed further in Chapter 17 and
AP European History
The Exploration Experiment
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Atlantic Exploration began…Portugal
vs. Spain in a battle royale for
dominance of the sea
It was actually explorers from Italy who
first sailed out the straits of Gibraltar
down the African coast in the 14th
century…Portugal and Spain followed
suit, though these exploits were
hindered by poor technology
All learned better shipbuilding
techniques and use of
compass/astrolabe form Muslim
explorers and sailors…Prince Henry the
Navigator of Portugal led the charge in
improving sea faring activities
Portugal and Spain began to settle the
Canary Islands, Madeiras and
Azores…the royalty set up land grants
on these islands and they experimented
with the plantation economy, growing
cash crops
Americas and Polynesia
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The Aztec and Inca empires of the
late 1400s began a period of
decline…internal warfare and civil
uprisings occurred
frequently…eventually, European
invasion would take advantage of it
In Polynesia,
explorations/colonization of South
Pacific Islands from the original
hearth (map 347) occurred from the
7th century into the 1400s…Hawaii
was settled, then cut off form the
rest of Polynesia by 1400…a
distinct agricultural society
developed…kingdoms and warring
states emerged on the individual
islands…a social order of priests,
nobles and peasants was also
established…rich oral traditions
(stories) and the Hawaii language
(13 letter alphabet) preserved
cultural values
Maori New Zealand
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Parallel to the development of Hawaii,
Polynesians settled New Zealand in the 8th
century and became isolated as the Maori
New Zealand provided a different climate
and larger amount of territory and the
development of Maori society was more
complex
Similar political institutions were
established, with military leaders and
priests, but differences existed in that each
held slaves gained in warfare
The Maori were highly skilled artists, but
they had no skill at metallurgy…the
economy also was based on agricultural
development
Lastly, the Maori too compiled rich oral
traditions of their society
Summing up the Changes
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Clearly, there are a series of events that make the
1400s a great period of transition in world history
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The collapse of Muslim empires
The transition of technological knowledge and learning
from east to west
The drive for sea-born exploration, spurred by
competition between regional kingdoms
These transitions created lasting impacts (next
unit)
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The conquest of the Americas
The conquest and subjugation of Africa
The move towards mercantilism and global trade
The first vestiges of Imperialism in the East
This Week
Tuesday: Document Analysis Pg. 342
 Wednesday: Change Analysis
 Thursday/Friday: Unit 2 EXAM
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Chapters 6 thru 15 are on this exam
 30 MC
 Must do both the Compare/Contrast AND
Change/Continuity Essay
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