Transcript THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 15TH & 16th CENTURY

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
15TH & 16TH CENTURY
World History
Section 1
BACKGROUND
15th Century Achievements
-Century Rise of Nation-ism among the New Nations
-States of Europe emergence of powerful new nation
-States with assertive Monarchs
-Invention of the Printing Press
-Expansion of Trade & Business Activity
-Renaissance quest for knowledge
-Reconquista completed in Spain- 1492
MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN
EXPANSION
•
Desire to enhance National Prestige (Nationalism)
•
Nation Wealth & Territory Prestige for Monarchs.
•
Possibility of Personal Wealth, Fame, & Social Prestige.
•
Quest for New Geographical knowledge.
•
Desire to spread Christianity.
•
Intensifying International competition among the powerful Nations.
•
States of Europe desire to find new Trade Routes to the East.
•
Increase Profits.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED
EXPLORATION
•
Better & faster Ship design
•
Printing Press
•
More reliable Magnetic Compass
•
The invention of the Clock (allowed for new navigational methods- Eventually
Longitude)
•
Astrolabe- Latitude Navigation
•
More accurate Maps
•
Gun Powder & New Weapons
-Cannons and Muskets
SHIPS
ARMED VESSEL
PRINTING PRESS
ASTROLABE
NEW WEAPONS 15TH-16TH CENTURY
IMPROVED COMPASS
MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN
EXPLORATION
Section 2
PORTUGAL
•
Claimed parts of:
-West Africa
-Parts of Asia
-Large Portion of South America (Brazil)
“Treaty of Tordesillas”
Major Emphasis
-Trade & Gold
Slave Trade= West Africa
This created New Products & Spices
PRINCE HENRY THE
NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL
•
National Policies strongly supported
exploration and trade.
•
Portugal had a long tradition of
navigation and trade.
SLAVE TRADE
(WEST AFRICA)
•
African slaves were brought to the
New World to primarily work in
agriculture.
•
Portugal was the major slave trading
European nation.
SPAIN
Claimed=
 (Caribbean Islands)
 (Central America) – Except *Brazil
 (Mexico)
 (South West North America)
 (Philippines)
FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN
SUPPORTED, “EXPLORATION” & “EXPANSION”
KING FERDINAND & QUEEN ISABELLA OF
SPAIN
MAJOR EMPHASIS
•
Accumulation of Gold & Silver
•
Expansion of Trade
•
Farming- Sugar Plantations
•
Some Slave Trade- “Limited” -Spain outlawed the slave trade in the
1700’s
•
Active in the Spread of Christianity
-(Jesuits Missionaries)
•
Enhance personal Prestige & Social Standing
-Strict Social Hierarchy in Spain
-(Feudal in many respects)
LINE OF DEMARCATION 1493
•
Official agreement that divided the territories claimed by Spain & Portugal in
the New World.
•
Imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI
•
Lands East of the Line (Portugal)
•
Lands West of the line (Spain)
LINE OF DEMARCATION
LINE OF DEMARCATION
ENGLAND
•
East Coast of North America
•
Canada
•
India
MAJOR EMPHASIS
•
Expansion of Territory
•
Trade
•
New Opportunities for Middle Class
•
Fleeing Religious persecution
MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
• Vasco De Gama- first to sail around the Cape of
Good Hope.
• Magellan- first voyage to circumnavigate the globe .
• Columbus- first European voyage to arrive in the
New World.
• Cortez- conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico.
• Pizarro- conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru.
• Balboa- first to see the Pacific Ocean- Crossed
Panama (isthmus)
• Ponce De Leon- explored Florida.
• Coronado- first European to see the Grand Canyon
and explore the southern U.S.
VASCO DE- GAMA (PORTUGUESE)
MAGELLAN (PORTUGUESE)
•
Magellan did not survive the voyage.
•
Of the 270 men who began the voyage
around the Globe, only 18 finished and
returned to Europe.
• Magellan died April 27 th,
1521
MAGELLAN TIME LINE
MAP OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
ANOTHER LOOK AT MAGELLAN’S TRIP
COLUMBUS- (ITALIAN)
LED 3 VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD
NINA, PINTA, SANTA MARIA
CORTEZ (SPANISH) DEFEATED
“AZTEC EMPIRE”
AZTEC EMPIRE DEFEATED
PIZARRO (SPANISH)
PIZARRO- CONQUEST OF THE INCAN
EMPIRE (PERU)
INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU
(THE ANCIENT INCAN CITY OF “MACHU PICCHU”)
BALBOA
• Crossing the
Isthmus of
Panama
(Pacific
Ocean)
• First European
to cross from
the Atlantic to
the Pacific
Oceans.
CORONADO EXPLORED THE SOUTHWEST U.S.
(GRAND CANYON)
LABOR & INDUSTRY IN THE
NEW WORLD
Section 3
“ENCOMIENDA”
•
Tribute Labor System= native peoples were required to give labor to the
European settlers.
MINING
• Silver Mines @
POTOSI.
• Vast amounts of
(Gold) & (Silver)
were sent to Spain
from the New World.
• Primary Labor Force
was “Indigenous
Population”
PLANTATIONS- SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR
EXPORT CROP.
NATIVE PEOPLE & AFRICAN SLAVES
WORKED THE FARM AND PLANTATIONS.
15TH & 16TH CENTURY ECONOMIC MODEL
“MERCANTILISM”
•
Based on the accumulation of Gold & Silver (precious metals)
•
Gold and Silver were the measure of Wealth (not Business of Production)
•
The PURPOSE of the economy was “Serve the State”
•
Trade was focused on primarily on Exporting and selling goods in the new
colonies.
•
Little Capital investment in business.
•
Colonial holdings were seen as:
-A source of Raw Materials
-Markets for European Goods
THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN
EXPANSION- AGE OF EXPLORATION
Section 4
TRIANGLE OF TRADE
ECONOMIC
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Rapid economic growth and increase in business activity.
•
Vast amounts of Gold & Silver flooded into Europe.
•
Prices of Good rose due to INFLATION and MERCANTILIST economic
policies.
•
Expanded opportunities for the rising middle class.
•
Majority of Europeans saw little improvement in their “Standard of Living.”
•
CAPITALISM began to emerge –(exception was in Spain)
POLITICAL
•
Western Europe began to Dominate the Globe
-(New land were claimed and colonized)
-(Western political models were installed)
•
The “Rivalry” between the Nation-States of Europe intensified.
•
International tension grew.
SOCIETAL
•
Social values began to be more focused on MATERIAL WEALTH and SOCIAL
STANDING.
•
Growing SECULAR trends.
•
Rising MIDDLE CLASS benefitted from New economic & social opportunities.
•
POWER & WEALTH in the colonies came to be concentrated in the hands of
few.
-(Social & Economic issues have continued to PLAGUE these regions as a result of
this trend.)
RELIGIOUS
•
Christianity spread across the Globe
-(The Americas)
-(Parts of Asia)
•
Christian Missionaries worked to Convert Native populations
-(The Jesuits were very active)
-(Started Missions)
-(Established Schools)
•
Very often Conversations were forced and or coerced; however, many truly converted
to Christianity.
•
Christianity of blended with traditional religious beliefs and practices
-(Know as Syncretism)
GLOBAL
•
Millions of Africans were imported to the New World as Slaves.
•
Animals were brought to the Americas
-(Horses & Cattle)
•
New Plants and Crops were Exchanged
-Tomatoes
-Potatoes
-Corn
-Early forms of pain killers (developed by Natives)
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS
•
Native populations in the New World were “Decimated.”
-Estimated that from (1500)-(1600) the populations shrank from 20 million to 2
million.
Causes:
~Disease & Malnutrition
~War & Conflict
~Harsh Labor
INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS MIXED WITH
EUROPEANS & AFRICANS
~New Cultural and Racial Groups
~Blending of Cultures
 Language
 Religion
 Customs
 Music
 Art
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS IN
MANY WAYS A REFLECTION OF THE
IDEALS AND VALUES OF THE
RENAISSANCE.
The End.